Effect of the 2012 Olympic Games on Disabled Transportation

Effect of the 2012 Olympic Games on Dis satis positionoryd tranceationThe Olympic Games in 2012 basis leave a legacy of loving express and facilities non just for disable sportsmen and women, that for mess with a equipment casualty in general.1Phil Lane, British Paralympic Association Chief ExecutiveTable of table of contents (Jump to)1. Introduction2. methodology3. Evaluation3.1. Legislation3.1.1. DDA 19953.1.1.1. content of hindrance3.1.1.2. Meaning of contrast3.1.1.3. Positive Duty quite a littlestairs the DDA 20053.1.1.4. Taxis and Private Hire Vehicles3.1.1.5. runninging Vehicles3.1.1.6. Public Transport Vehicles3.1.1.7. Aircraft and Ships3.1.1.8. DDA 1995 Comparison to former(a) Anti- discrepancy Legislation3.1.1.9. Criticisms3.2. Case lawfulness3.3. Stakeholder Commentary3.4. Survey Results4. Recommendations5. Conclusion5. Appendix A6. BIBLIOGRAPHY1.IntroductionThe apprehend goernment chthonian Tony Blair has primp bulge an ambitious agenda for tackling damage secernment a brood society. Part of this agenda has involved amendments to the damage Discrimination present 1995 (DDA 1995)2 in order to ensure that the lessons of the first ten long era of the dress having been in force argon taken into account. The DDA 1995 sets out, along with the regulations and orders blade chthonic the feat, the legislative manikin the excogitation of which is to ensure that alter good deal throughout the rural have access to the equivalent opportunities as the national at large. With capital of the United Kingdom having been awarded the Olympic Games in 2012, the ability of this legislative framework to force through change, both on a functional level, and on a cultural one, go out be put to the test. The purpose of this delineate is to examine and critic everyy assess, inside the context of send out in capital of the United Kingdom and airline operators, whether or non this legislative framework is sufficient to relate the unav oidably of disable people coming up to the Olympic Games and beyond.2.MethodologyIn order to assess the readiness of London to meet the of necessity of incapacitate travellers during the Olympic Games and beyond within the confines of a query paper it is necessary to cl un whilely define the scope of the intended research. In this display eccentric person, the scope of the investigation is limited to take in London, which includes hacks, trains, overt power vehicles, b manipulations, the netherground, aircraft and, to a lesser degree, availability to the buildings from which those transplant vehicles leave from and arrive to.In order for it to be concluded that London go out be speedy to meet the destinys of incapacitate travellers by 2012, it go away need to be shown, that the current legislative framework is sufficient that where there are ambiguities within the legislating, the Courts have been willing to watch over through single-valued functionful guidance t o enjoy leadrs and disenable travellers gener tot eachyy that the culture within the public transport industry has changed with managers and employees straightaway aware of their obligations under the decree that there are adequate penalties in place to discourage those that fail to postdate and fin every(prenominal)y, that these previously mentioned factors will all work together to provide disabled travellers with a integrated nitty-gritty of getting around London by 2012.In order to look into these matters, it was necessary to look in detail at the commissariat of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA 1995), how the Act has been amended over the past football team years, and in particular by the Disability Discrimination Act 2005 (DDA 2005), the discordant regulations and orders make under the DDA 1995 pertaining to public transport, cases decided dealing with the DDA 1995 and discordant translation available from both public transport servicing providers, disa bled travellers and other stakeholders.A survey of both cart track and airline employees was also undertaken in order to gauge the level of understanding of the furnishs of what is a perplex and often misinterpreted piece of legislation. The results of that survey are set out in Appendix A and discussed within the body of this report.3.Evaluation3.1Legislation single of the main(prenominal) aims of this report is to establish whether or not the amendments made to the DDA 1995 by the DDA 2005 have assisted in qualification the DDA 1995 more accessible or whether it remains, as musical noted by lord Justice Mummery, without doubt an unco complex piece of legislation which poses novel questions of interpretation.33.1.1DDA 1995The primary piece of legislation dealing with variety against disabled people using public transport is the DDA 1995 which has been amended by the DDA 2005. The DDA 2005 have gotd royal assent on the s accompanimenth April 2005. Its main purpose was to g ive effect to the submissions made by various groups relating to the operation of the DDA 1995 over the preceding ten years by providing for authentic distinguished amendments in social intercourse to that legislation.The DDA 2005 makes several substantial amendments to the DDA 1995. Those that ease up to public transport are set out in partings 5 to 9. discussion section 5 inserts a naked division 21ZA into the DDA 1995 and replaces the existing elision of transport services from Sections 19 to 21 of the DDA 1995 with a more precise exclusion which relates to yet those transport services which consist of vehicle provision and use. Section 21ZA(1)(b) excludes discrimination which relates to a service provided, or not provided, while a disabled soulfulness is travelling in a vehicle. Section 21ZA(2) excludes from the craft to provide adjustments, transport services involving providing or using a vehicle. Sections 21ZA(1) and (2) stinker be disapplied through regulations made by the monument of plead under Section 21ZA(3).4Section 6 of the DDA 2005 clarifies the timeframe for the bringing into force regulations dealing with all rail vehicles and the commerce requiring rail operators to have in place measures allowing for disabled people to get on and sour correct rail vehicles in preventive and without un healthy difficulty and to be carried in regulated rail vehicles in safety and reasonable comfort. The writing table of read is now required, under the new Section 46(4A) to ensure that all rail vehicles are regulated under the rail vehicles accessibility regulations by 1st January 2020. Section 6 also removes from the definition of rail vehicle the liberty relating to vehicles first brought into use after thirty-first December 1998. This means that there is now no start date and the Secretary of State is able to make regulations which adjudge to all rail vehicles and for instance, make regulations which apply to rail vehicles first brought into service earlier 1998 and which are for example refurbished. This closes a potential loop-hole in the legislation and allows the Secretary of State to meet the deadline obligate by 46(6A).5Section 6(3) clarifies the Secretary of States powers to make franchise orders relating to regulated rail vehicles by specifically allowing the making of exemption orders which relate to the operational as tumefy as the construction elements of the rail vehicle accessibility regulations. Section 6(4) clarifies the summons to be followed by the Secretary of State when exercising their discretion under Section 67(5A) of the DDA 1995. This procedure applies to the making of exemption orders and requires the Secretary of State to touch on the Disabled Persons Transport consultatory Committee, and any other bodies that may be appropriate, and furthermore, for such(prenominal) regulations to be subject to the draft affirmative procedure which allows for great parliamentary scrutiny. In the s ame vein of providing closer scrutiny over the making of exemption orders, Section 6(5) of the DDA 2005 inserts a new section (67B) which requires an one-year report to be produced by the Secretary of State detailing the exemption orders which have been made and containing details of the consultation process undertaken.6Section 7 of the DDA 2005 deals with the new concept of rail accessibility compliance certificates and allows for the Secretary of State to make regulations appointing independent assessors responsible for granting and enforcing the certificates, setting out the mechanisms for the charging of fees and dispute resolution. The intention of the certification scheme is to ultimately prohibit regulated rail vehicles direct without a valid compliance certificate. These certificates will also provide a degree of flexibility with Section 47A(4) allowing the certificates to be subject to conditions.7Section 8 of the DDA 2005 replaces the criminal sanctions set out in the DD A 1995 for a breach of the rail vehicle accessibility regulations with a civil regime allowing the levying of penalties should an improvement come up and final notice issued by the Secretary of State not be complied with. It also provides the Secretary of State with new powers of inspection in cases in which it is suspected that a regulated rail vehicle fails to conform to the provisions of the rail vehicle accessibility regulations (Sections 47E and 47F). New sections 47D to 47L deal with the imposition of penalties on train operators. Section 47D to 47H deal with the amount, due date and recovery of penalties imposed under the Act. Most seriously, any punishment imposed cannot exceed 10% of the operators turnover. Section 47K sets out the procedure to be followed and the operators right to object. If the operator is not satisfied with the penalty imposed by the Secretary of State, they have the right to draw to a Court, whether or not they have lodged an appeal with the Secreta ry of State, but exclusively on the railyard that either the penalty should not apply to them or that the level of the penalty is too high.8Section 9 allows for the acquaintance in England and Wales of disabled persons parking badges issued in foreign jurisdictions. This then allows for reciprocal recognition of UK badges in other EU countries.93.1.1.1Meaning of DisabilityThe DDA 1995 defines a disabled person as someone who has a deterioration.10 A person has a disability if they have,a physiological or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his ability to endure out normal day-to-day activities.11This is further clarified in plan 1 of the DDA 1995. A mental impairment is not exhaustively outlined but it originally altogether include mental illnesses in cases in which that illness is clinically easy-recognised.12 This constraint has now been removed by Section 18(2) of the DDA 2005.In addition, the DDA 2005 by way of Section 18(3) deems t hose suffering from HIV, Cancer or MS to be disabled before the symptoms set out in Section 1, or paragraph 8 of Schedule 1, have been experience by them.13An impairment is held to be long-term if a person has had it for at least twelve months, it is expected to last for at least twelve months or it is likely to make the person for the rest of their life.143.1.1.2Meaning of DiscriminationSection 3A(1) of the DDA 1995 states that a disabled person is secernated against if, for a reason relating to a disabled persons disability, a person treats a disabled person less favourably than they would someone without a disability and the person alleged to be discriminating against the disabled person cannot show that it is confirm to treat them in this way.In order for the discourse referred to above to be justified, it must be both substantial and material to the particular cases circumstances.15 However, if the treatment amounts to direct discrimination, it cannot be justified.16 Simil arly, if the person was required to make reasonable adjustments to bring home the bacon for disabled people and has not done so, they will not be able to rely on a defence of the treatment cosmos justified unless even if he had complied with the duty it would have been justified.17More applicablely to the issue of public transport, a person is also held to have discriminated against a disabled person if when a duty to make reasonable adjustments in relation to disabled people is imposed on them, they fail to comply with that duty.183.1.1.3Positive Duty under the DDA 2005The DDA 2005 introduced the concept of a positive duty for public authorities which makes it unlawful for them to, in the course of carrying out its functions, to discriminate against disabled people.19 A similar positive duty has not been included with regard as to private companies and employers.3.1.1.4Taxis and Private Hire VehiclesThe DDA 1995 allows the Secretary of State to make regulations to ensure that it is possible for disabled persons to get into and out of taxis in safety, and to be carried in taxis in safety and in reasonable comfort and for disabled persons in wheelchairs to be conveyed in safety into and out of taxis while remain in their wheelchairs, and to be carried in taxis in safety and in reasonable comfort while remaining in their wheelchairs. It is proposed that regulations are introduced in respect of all new Taxis by 2010 and all Taxis by 2020.20 unmatchable noteworthy exception is that private hire vehicles are not provided for under the DDA 1995 however, this is not an exception that is likely to remain for long with both the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Group and the Disability Rights Commission looking into the matter.213.1.1.5Rail VehiclesA rail vehicle as amended by the DDA 2005 is a vehicle, constructed or adapted to carry passengers on any railway, tramway or convinced(p) system.22The DDA 1995 provides the Secretary of State with the power to make rail vehicle accessibility regulations.23 These regulations, made in 1998 and amended in 2000, cover several important areas. They allow the Secretary of State to require, by way of these regulations, transport operators to provide means for disabled persons to be able to get on and off regulated rail vehicles in safety and without difficulty and to be able to travel in those vehicles in safety and comfort. They also cover such matters as, wheelchair accessibility, the design of on-board accessible toilets, the size and location of handrails, handholds and control devices as well as the provision of audible warnings and other equipment.24The DDA 1995 also allows the Secretary of State to make an exception in relation to a case in which a rail vehicle operator is unable to meet the requirements and makes an action for exemption. An example of such an exemption relating to London is the one granted to Gatwick talk (The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Gatwick Express Class 458) Exemption score 2006). This Order exempts Gatwick Express from some of the requirements of the regulations until April 2011.25However, without doubt, the main hurdle that the government needs to overcome to ensure that the Olympic Games in 2012 are an inclusive event is the issue of accessibility to the London Underground. Transport for London before long lists as accessible by means other than stairs or escalators, only 40 of its 275 underground stake.26 The pace of improvements taking place also fails to take away one with confidence. Over the next five years there will be an additional 27 step-free stations. The intention is then for 25% to be step-free by 2010 and 50% by 2015.27As the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee (DPTAC) correctly point out, if these figures are to be accepted, less than half of Londons Underground stations will be accessible by way of stair-free means by the time of the Olympics in 2012 and this is a situation that they find unacceptable.28 epoch being the main means of transport for many spectators who will arrive in London at the time of the Olympic Games, the Tube is also perhaps the virtually culturally significant icon that London possesses and it will reflect poorly on the country as a whole if accessibility to London Underground stations has not been addressed in a productive manner before 2012.3.1.1.6Public Transport VehiclesThe regulations applying to public transport vehicles are set out in the Public work Vehicles Accessibility Regulations 2000. These regulations provide standards which are to be met and apply to all new public service vehicles (buses or coaches) introduced since 31st December 2000 with a capacity exceeding 22 passengers used to provide a local of scheduled service.29 They also set out deadlines for the conflict of the standards. For instance, wheel chair users must be able to access all small buses by the 1st January 2015, large single deck buses by the 1st January 2016 and double deck buses by the 1st January 2017.30At award the accessibility by wheelchair users of buses nationwide stands at approximately 30%.31 However, the DPTAC note that with respect to Londons buses, accessibility for wheelchair users is close to 100%.32 The main concern with respect to buses in the capital is not in relation to compliance with the required modifications, but rather with the failure of some drivers to use the modifications available to assist their disabled passengers.33 It should be noted that the Public Service Vehicles Accessibility Regulations 2000 do provide for a driver refusing to assist a disabled person in cases in which doing so would adversely affect his health or safety, your safety or that of other passengers or the safety of the vehicle. 34 However, it should be stressed to all drivers that this exemption should only be relied upon in specific circumstances with clear examples being provided.Finally, the DPTAC also suggest the great availability of audible and visu al information systems and this is an area that Transport for London is considering as an improvement for all their customers, not only those that are disabled.353.1.1.7Aircraft and ShipsOne of the main criticisms of the DDA 1995 is that it fails to specifically address the duties of ship and airline operators. While ports and airports will still need to comply with the requirements of the legislation, the DDA 1995 fails to provide in respect of ships and aircraft the same regulatory making powers that it provides with respect to taxis, rail and public transport vehicles. Ships and aircraft come under European laws dealing with anti-discrimination legislation, however it is still argued that for disability discrimination legislation to be effective, it must apply to all public transport vehicles that operate within the UK. This gap in the legislation is seem as a major hurdle to ensuring that there is consistency across all types of public transport coming up to the Olympic Games an d beyond.The DPTAC endorses this view and notes that aircraft and ships will be the first and last Olympic travel experience that most overseas participants and audiences will experience, and we believe that the Government should do all it can to ensure that that experience is a positive one.36 They also emphasise that atmosphere and raptus are currently covered by voluntary codes but that the government has made it clear that should these codes fail, they would be prepared to remove the exemption from Part 3 of the DDA 1995 that currently applies to them.37 As Karen Buck, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Transport sets out in her response to Tony Manwaring, CEO of Scope, the government is carrying out benchmarking tests in association with DPTAC the results of which were hoped to be available in early 2006. These figure outs would then help determine whether or not it was necessary to wrap the DDA 1995 Part 3 exemption currently granted to airline and shipping transpo rt providers.383.1.1.9DDA 1995 Comparison to other Anti-Discrimination LegislationOne of the most important differences between the DDA and other anti-discrimination legislation is that the DDA only applies to people who meet the criteria set out for being disabled. The Disability Rights Commission estimates that approximately ten jillion people have rights under the DDA 1995.39 In contrast, other anti-discrimination legislation is more than more pervasive in its application and applies to all members of society as long as they can show that the type of discrimination they are alleged to have suffered occurred.Another important difference is that the DDA takes into account the fact that the aim of assisting people with a disability is not to ensure that they receive equal treatment but rather, treatment which is appropriate to their circumstances. As such, the DDA does not aim to restrict the ability of those dealing with disabled people to positively discriminate in their favour, rather accepting that where appropriate, disabled people need to be treated differently.40 Under other anti-discrimination legislation, discrimination can neer be justified.3.1.1.9CriticismsJan Nesbitt, chair of the Disability Law Service, notes that, one of the weaknesses of the DDA has been that the service provision elements have been brought in over a lengthy period of time and some disabled people have had to wait for their needs to be met. there are some areas that are unsatisfactory, transport is still not covered, except for design features41The focus of the DDA 1995 is to put the duty to change on the public transport operators. This focus is sometimes referred to as being solution-oriented.42 A solution-oriented approach to disability discrimination is a positive and extremely respectable tool in combating discrimination. However, this approach can only genuinely apply to those with physical disabilities and this has lead some commentators to suggest that the DDA 1995 is in fact invidious in itself as it places much more emphasis on those with physical disabilities as opposed to those suffering from mental disabilities. This however could be express to simply reflect the relative ease of making adjustments for those with physical disabilities, compared to making adjustments for those suffering from mental illnesses. deal suffering from mental illnesses create a much more difficult problem for public transport providers to solve. There are no simple physical modifications that can be made to cater for people suffering from mental illnesses. This is further exacerbated by fact that it is often clear when someone is suffering from a physical impairment and staff can be trained to respond to their needs apace and effectively. It is a lot more difficult to gauge whether or not someone is suffering from a mental illness, how best to assist them and whether or not they may pose a danger to staff and/or other members of the public.A frightening prospe ct is that the legislation as it currently stands could allow public transport companies to segregate those with disabilities from the rest of the travelling public. While this is already done to some extent, eg spaces for people needing wheelchair access it is only a short distance from an ID card which lists a persons disability, to a separate carriage for those with disabilities. The unfortunate aspect of this is that it would no doubt be argued that this solution provides the best means of catering for the individual needs of disabled people.3.2Case LawOne of the leading cases decided under the DDA 1995 was Clark v TDG Ltd (t/a Novacold).43 This was an appeal from the Employment Appeal Tribunal and was the first appeal decided by the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) under the DDA 1995. While that case dealt with employment law, shaper Justice Mummerys comments about the DDA 1995 and its kinship to other anti-discrimination legislation is still of importance to the area of publ ic transport. Lord Justice Mummery stated,Contrary to what might be reasonably assumed, the exercise of interpretation is not facilitated by familiarity with the pre-existing legislation prohibiting discrimination in the field of employment (and elsewhere) on the grounds of sex (Sex Discrimination Act 1975) and race (Race Discrimination Act 1976). Indeed, it may be positively deceptive to approach the 1995 Act with assumptions and concepts familiar from experience of the workings of the 1975 Act and the 1976 Act. unlike the earlier discrimination Acts the 1995 Act does not draw the crucial distinction between direct and indirect discrimination on specified grounds it provides a defence of justification to less favourable treatment which would even off direct discrimination and be without such a defence under the earlier Acts and it does not replicate the express requirement of the 1975 Act (section 5(3)) and the 1976 Act (section 3(4)) that, when a comparison of the cases of pers ons of different sex or persons of different racial groups falls to be made, the comparison must be such that the relevant circumstances in the one case are the same, or not materially different, in the other.One consequence of these differences is that the terms discriminate and discrimination are not used in Part II of the 1995 Act in the same sense as in the earlier Acts. stroke to discern and observe this difference in meaning in purpose making (and in commentaries on both the 1995 Act and on decisions under it) can lead to serious conceptual confusion.The key question that Lord Justice Mummery concluded as being fundamental to whether or not a disabled person had been discriminated against was, is the treatment related to a complainants disability?44Andy Rickell, director of the British Council of Disable People has stated, in respect of the case law arising from the DDA 1995, Barristers are, and have been, running a coach and horses through disabled peoples rights.45 Jan Nes bitt, chair of the Disability Law Service, concurred with Rickells sentiments but addedIts like any new piece of legislation, barristers will find loopholes because theres no case law so theres nothing to test against. I think what happened in the beginning was that a lot of disabled people, in employment tribunals particularily, conducted their own case, and fell at the first hurdle which was proving that they were a disabled person. Any good barrister will make their case. The definition of disability is one of the things thats currently being reviewed so that tribunals and courts have a better understanding of it. In any case, it is important for disabled people to get access to legal representation when taking a case.46A case more relevant to transport was Roads v exchange Trains.47 This case involved a disabled resident of Norwich who relied on her voltaic wheelchair for mobility who brought a claim against Central Trains. The facts of the case revolved around the claimant no t being able to access platform 1 at the station. The only means of accessing the platform from the side he was on was to either cross the footbridge or travel half a mile down the road where he could pass under the track and return on the other side. As both of these alternatives were not reasonable, the train company suggested the claimant, at no extra cost, take the train to a further station which was equipped with disabled access facilities, adding approximately one hour to the voyage time. The claimant suggested that this was not reasonable and that the defendant company should have paid for a specially adapted taxi to drive him around to the other side. In the first instance, the Judge held that as the nearest specially adapted taxi was based in Norwich which was some way from Thetford where the station was located, it was unreas

Strategic Review of LOreal External Environment

Strategic Review of LOreal foreign EnvironmentThis essay offshootly introduce LOreal and their main operations in young years, and then emphasize to outline their international environment, such as P.E.S.T analysis, quint forces analysis, sector train analysis and product life cycles analysis. And in the end analysis the opportunities and threats which the community faces everywhere next 3-5 years2. political party and Product OverviewThe LOREAL Group is the innovations greatst decoratives and sweetheart company and it headquartered in the Paris subur throw out bea of Clichy, France. LOREAL has developed activities in the field of cosmetics, concentrating on hair color, skin c are, cheerfulness protection, make-up, perfumes and hair care. LOREAL is active in the dermatological and pharmaceutical fields. LOREAL is too the merry-go-round nanotechnology patent-holder in the United States.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E2%80%99OrealIt operates in over one and only( a) hundred thirty countries. It trades 18 brands through both divisions, cosmetics and dermatology. The cosmetics division of LOREAL has four segments professional products, consumer products, luxuriousness products and active cosmetics. The dermatology segment includes dermatological and pharmaceutical activities of the company.LOREAL got its start in the hair-color business, exactly the company soon branched out into other cleansing and beauty products. LOREAL now markets over 500 brands and many thousands of individual products in tout ensemble sectors of the beauty business hair color, permanents, styling aids, body and skin care, cleansers and fragrances. They are open in all distribution channels, from hair salons and perfumeries to hyper and supermarkets, health/beauty outlets, pharmacies and orchestrate mail.(http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Oreal)3. External environmental analysis3.1 P.E.S.T depth psychologyPEST analysis stands for Political, stinting, Social, and Te chnological analysis and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental s provokening component of strategic management.3.1.1 Political and Legal withdrawsThe political challenge is that LOreal should conform to all the different government leadership styles in miscellaneous countries it operates within. LOreal set about a decline in the dermatology branch led by its Galderma brand due to unfermented legislations governing drugs (Euromonitor, 2005). The EU law presumes LOreal. LOreal is qualified in their use of certain kinds of chemicals, such as Phthalates which is carcinogenic (The Rules administration Cosmetic Products in the European Union). LOreal is obligated to produce safe products that do not study any harmful substances. Also, legislation for advertising is also affecting LOreal. LOreal has to follow the rules set by Advertising Standards Authority. For example, advertisements cannot be tawdry that over-exaggerating the functions o f a product (The Control of Misleading Advertisements Regulations 1988).Recent policy instructions in the European Union (EU), that is the safety of cosmetics is directed standards. Seventh Amendment cosmetics directive eventually approved by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, It is expected an neighboring(a) put away on zoology testing products and a total ostracize on animal testing of cosmetics raw materials, no later than six years to implement the directive.(Anonymous,http//www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/to a greater extent_information/download/ecvam2.pdfIn addition, It needs an immediate ban on new cosmetics sales (of finished products and raw materials) and the experimental animal alternative methods pick up been tested in ecvam and accept the existence of the ban on the sale of cosmetics, on human health affected to a certain extent. It is thought that LOreal should fully understand these policies, and to avoid a rape of these policies and regulatio ns, strictly control chemical products and related banned substances content3.1.2 Economic Environment AnalysisLOreal should adapt to all the different economic environments and problems in all countries it operates in. For example in 2004, LOreal was affected by the continued flunk of the dollar and other currencies.Economic crisis is a bad news for LOreal, The world GDP is fall sharply from 2007 to 2009, The economic downturn will be a great chanllege for the breeding of LOrealAlthough the crop last year is under that in 2008 due to the financial crisis, it is fortunate that it still met the target, said Paolo Gasparrini, chair cleaning woman of LOreal China, at the 6th China Young Women in Science society Award Ceremony sponsored by LOreal in Beijing Tues daylight. In the first tercet quarters of 2009, LOreals total gross sales increased 0.7 percentage compared to last year, of which growth in Asia, where the Chinese market is a super contributor, totaled 21.2 percent, h e said.(http//msn.huanqiu.com/bizchina/2010-01/700911.html)3.1.3 Social Environment AnalysisThe culture of countries in which a business operates can be of particular importance. The culture of a country consists of the values, attitudes and beliefs of its people. (David Campbell, George Stonehouse and Bill Houston 119). For example, with modern standard of living continues to improve and the level education get laid-backer and higher, the social increasingly recognize the external image, and people are increasingly focusing on the image appearance, the adopt of quality and effectiveness of cosmetic and related skin care products change by reversal higher and higher.3.14 Technological Environment AnalysisChanges in technology affect the products available to consumers and business, the quality of the products and their functionality. (David Campbell, George Stonehouse and Bill Houston. 124).Todays society is constantly changing, technology updates mode that the product updates, cosmetic update speed, short product life cycles, a cosmetics market, we should immediately prepare for the next fulfilment. As the technology develops, people can be much channels to purchase products, business and customer contacts more and more ordinary. So technology is the come outprise competitive wages.Along with the development of science and technology the latest scientific and technological achievements and advanced technologies quick apply in cosmetics industries, particularly biotechnology, nanometer technology, information technology, electronics technology, which provide a lot of opportunities for the development of cosmetics industry. LOreal has strong investigate and development (RD) capability, concord to new technological development, the company registered 529 patents related to cosmetics and dermatology in 2005.(http//dbic.datamonitor.com/companies/company )3.2 Five troopss AnalysisAccording to Porters five forces which determine the nature of competitio n within an industry. The five forces areThe threat of new entrants to the industryThe threat of substitute productsThe former of buyers or customersThe billet of suppliers (to business in the industry)Rivalry among businesses in the industry.Force 1 It is thought that because cosmetic industry needs products quality follow-up for safety, and large investments which including technology and a great deal of capital, it is difficult to enter the cosmetic industry. However, at present, there is few entrants can threat LOREAL.Force 2 By reason of many ain cosmetics may contain a series of potentially toxic compounds, including artificial membrane. One research found cosmetics containing some spices and xylene which easily lead to the abortion of gravid women. Many facial cream are also contain compounds which comparable with the role of female hormones. So the threat of substitutes is using pure congenital products.Force 3 According to a survey commissioned by New Woman magazine and published in April 2006, the average woman is estimated to spend a staggering 182,528 on beauty products between the ages of 18 and 80. 5,000 women were questioned, (Anonymous, http//www.keynote.co.uk/kn2k1) eight in ten of whom said they wore make-up every day and almost half of whom admitted that they would not leave the house without it. So the power of buyers is very strong, which is very favorable to LOREAL.Force 4 LOREAL products were sold in many large department stores or supermarkets. The suppliers are all create strong bargaining power. So LOral should develop a adjacent partnership with suppliers, in order to sell products better.Force 5 The globular cosmetics business is intensely competitive, with a few big corporations and a large number of small companies vying for market share. The company competes against global companies such as Avon, Este Lauder, Procter Gamble, Revlon, and a number of smaller companies as well. Of late, those bigger companies alter their focus on the market of beauty and personal care products. increase competition may lead LOral to price reductions, pull downd pull in margins and loss of market share.3.3 Strategic Space/Group AnalysisA business can rarely confine its analysis to the level of the industry and markets in which it operates. It must also pay particular attention to its adjacent foes who are known as its strategic group.PRICEBRANDING ardorLOWHIGHLOWHIGHEste LauderAvonRevlonP GLOralFrom the strategy groups above, it is obviously that LOral has a high branding intensity and medium price, therefore compare with other competitor LOral has competitive advantage.3.4 Life Cycles AnalysisGenerally speaking, cosmetic products are in the maturity period of the product life cycle. In this period users tend to saturation and users repeat purchase reliance. In competitive chassis competitor fight to maintain market share, but it is difficulty in gaining market share. All competitors emphasis on low cost (eff iciency). LOral should pay attention to the quality of products and improve the packing, in order to have got old customers and attract new customers.4. Opportunity and threat analysis over next 3-5 years4.1 OpportunitiesIt is thought that LOral faces the following opportunities and threats, these main changes will influence the companys planning over the next 3-5years.First of all, it is thought that the luck of LOREAL is maturation people. The most developed countries are already highly aging society, aged 60 or older in the proportion of the population is above 15%, and for example the percentage of the US population who are over 55 years is forecast to increase from 20% in 2007 to 33% in 2027.(Anonymous, http//dbic.datamonitor.com/companies/company ) This is likely to increase demand for anti-aging products. LOREAL successfully launched many anti-aging products in 2007, including RevitaLift Double Lifting, Collagen Filler, and Lancomes Renergie Morpholift. As aging baby boome rs tackle to preserve their looks through anti-aging products, LOREAL will not be short of opportunities.The secondly opportunity is proposed acquisition of Body Shop. As the rapidly growing of personal care products market, demand for the products is rising as consumers shift to products which are safer and more eco-friendly. The earthy personal care products market is expected to grow at an annual rate of 12% a year, to reach an estimated $1 trillion in 2010.(Anonymous, http//dbic.datamonitor.com/companies/company) The proposed acquisition of the UK-based Body Shop International, a company founded by Anita Roddick that uses primarily organically-derived ingredients, would allow LOREAL to capitalize on the growing demand for natural personal care products.Thirdly, the growth of India and China. LOREAL could offset weak performance in Western Europe by expanding its presence in fast-growing markets such as India and China. The company already has a presence in these two countries , whose economies are forecasted to grow at a high rate in the coming years. In 2007, the companys sales in China grew by 27% while sales in India expanded by 46%.(Anonymous,http//dbic.datamonitor.com/companies/company)Further amplification in China and India may help LOREAL overcome sluggish growth in Western Europe.4.2 ThreatsHoweverit is thought that there are three main threats which will influence LOREAL.Firstly, Economic crisis is a bad news for LOreal, The economic downturn will be a great chanllege for the development of LOrealThe secondly, the competition is intense in the market. The global cosmetics business is intensely competitive, with a few big corporations and a large number of small companies vying for market share. The company competes against global companies such as Revlon, Estee Lauder and Procter Gamble, (Anonymous, http//dbic.datamonitor.com/companies/company ) in addition to a number of smaller companies. Recently, some big companies have sharpened their fo cus on beauty and personal care products market, as well as emerging markets. Increased competition could dissolver in price reductions, reduced profit margins and loss of market share.The third one are new regulations. Several consumer protection groups are voicing concerns over the presence of harmful chemical ingredients in cosmetic products. A recent study showed that about one-third of cosmetic products contain known carcinogens.(http//dbic.datamonitor.com/companies/company ) Due to increasing public pressure, in US the Food and dose Administration (FDA) is expected to impose stringent quality norms on cosmetic products.(Anonymous, http//dbic.datamonitor.com/companies/company ) New regulations may delay the launch of new products and result in higher product development expenditure, not to mention the likely effects of the adverse publicity generated by the new regulations.The last one is counterfeiting. The counterfeiting of popular cosmetic products has increased in recent years. Increasing sales of counterfeit products negatively impact the companys sale. Low quality counterfeits also reduce consumer confidence in the products of a company. More important, the companys key differentiator, exclusivity, is damaged by counterfeiting operations. Widespread counterfeits reduce the exclusiveness of the companys brands. Counterfeit products not only ransack the company of revenues, but also dilute the reputation of the brand.5. ConclusionAccording the discuss above, it is conclusion that among LOrals external environment, it is thought that the competition of cosmetic and fragrance market become more and more drastic, especially faced with strong competitors, and it is thought that there are opportunities and threats to LOral, the company should take advantage of these opportunities and to etain its status as the leader of cosmetic and fragrance industry.Word 1779

The Brewery Industry In Nigeria

The Brewery manufacture In NigeriaThe brewery persistence belongs to the manufacturing sector under the Nigerian Stock Exchange (This Day, 2011). It dates guts to everyplace six decades with the birth of the pi one and only(a)er company Nigerian Breweries in 1949 with of star larger beer, fol impressioned by Guinness Nigeria in 1962 with Guinness stout. The major products in the brewery manufacturing be beer, stout and non-alcoholic bedevils (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011). For the purpose of this paper, beer will be uptaked to inculpate lager and stout.The application experienced a boom in the mid-seventies due to the fledging oil application and rapidly increased from less than volt n 1970 to all over thirty by 1980 (Obot, 2000).The ownership of the firms in the industry ar either human beings or state-owned with or without exotic partnership. in that respect be challenges of high operational costs due to importation, expert-skilled labour, maintenance of machine ry and equipments. These challenges consider lead to the closure of quite a number of the low-toneder firms in the early 80s leaving only the large firms with strong monetary base..At present, there are thirteen brewery (Nigerian Custom Service, 2011) companies left with only quad listed under the Nigerian Stock Exchange (This Day, 2011).The industry is at the due date stage of its life cycle but still dust one of the striving industry in the Nigerian manufacturing sector. It has a direct meshing of over 30,000 force out and an indirect employment of over 300,000 thousand personnel as a result of the firms providing ancillary services to the industry (Equity explore report, 2006).Nigerian Breweries and Guinness Nigeria are the dickens major players in the industry with . Nigerian Breweries leading the commercialize with slightly 65% mart share eon Guinness Nigeria follows with about 25%. They some(prenominal) jazz economies of scale and have erect return on their inv estment (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011).Analyses of Macro-environmental factorsEvery industry is make believeed by factors in the environment in which they operate. These factors which they have no direct potency over, whitethorn either impact positively or negatively on the industry. The factors used for this digest are Political, Economic, Social and Technology.PoliticalThe Nigerian policy-making history after independence in 1960 has been characterized by a solicitation of military and civilian governments. The military regimes had adversely affected the real sector, an face was the drive out placed on importation of barley the raw square for production of beer, by the military government of Buhari in 1987 (Porter Phillips-Howard, 1994). However the historical twelve age of civilian government has witnessed relative stability in most parts of the countrified except for the restiveness in the Niger Delta region, which has dwindled the acress unsmooth oil tax income. It is expected that the on-going elections will successfully usher in a new civilian government that will further stabilize the principle and create an enabling environment that will attract foreign investors and hie the resuscitation of the real sector (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011).EconomicNigeria operates a mixed economy which encourages the co-existence of both the private sectors and the state in the market place. It is an emerging economy with authorization economic top executive given the abundant resources. The countrys economy is well modify along sectoral classification with the oil sector accounting for over 80% of its GDP, through crude oil export thereby making its revenue highly susceptible to the vagaries of the trends in the international market (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011).The economy is back up by a very resilient and strictly regulated financial system that has gone through several reforms within the past decade. fleck the exchange rate has been relativel y stable in the past two historic period, interest rates have been closely regulated by the profound Bank of Nigeria plot of ground efforts to bring inflation rate on a lower floor integrity digit has been elusive.Other factors that have contributed to the harsh economic climate in Nigeria are lack of power and inadequate infrastructure. The period among years 2000 and 2010 has witnessed the closure of more than 850 industries. However, with the trend of increase in the manufacturing GDP over the past years (i.e. 2008 3.6%, 2009 4.2%), it is expected that a stable terrain will go by to attract investors in years to come (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011).SocialNigeria with its cosmos of about 150 million is a huge potential market for investors. The country is the second largest beer market in Africa after South Africa. South Africa with a population of 47.9million according to 2007 statistical data, has a beer consumption per capita of 50 hectolitres while Nigeria has 10 hectoli tres per capita. Industry operators are of the view that the existing firms capacity are non enough to meet the demand of the market, and there is therefore manner for expansion (Momoh, 2009).Nigeria is a diverse country with over 250 ethnic groups. The population of the country gives a religious spread of Muslims(50%), Christians(40%) and indigenous religions(10%). The Muslims and Pentecostal Christians do not indulge in beer consumption due to their religious beliefs (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011)The supra notwithstanding, beer consumption remains a social activity in Nigeria and the bargain of the commodity has continued to increase from year to year..TechnologyThe brewery industry is highly capital intensive. This accounts for the reason why the ownership structure is either public and/or state-owned with/without foreign partnership. The engine room for the industry, spare parts and expert technicians are not available in country and therefore highly helpless on foreign ex change. Guinness for example has Diego of Ireland as its foreign partner (Trade Invest, 2009).The ban on importation of barley in 1987 necessitated the industry to settle for topical anesthetic shift of maize and sorghum as raw materials for its production. The resultant instal conversion to accommodate the new raw material input-mix cost Nigerian Brewery a whopping sum of cokemillion naira (Equity enquiry report, 2006).One of the major challenges cladding the industry is the maintenance of equipments and machinery. The players commit huge financial resources in engineering science and upgrades in order to remain competitive (Equity Research report, 2006).Analysis of Industry Competitiveness using Porter quintet ForcesIndustry competitiveness is give tongue to to determined by bargaining power of buyers, power of suppliers, flagellums of new competitors, threat of substitute products and rivalry among existing firms. The profitability of the industry is determined by these louvre Forces as they influence values, costs and required investment (Porter, 1985). negotiate Power of BuyersBuyers create demand in the market and their bargaining power would represent a strong competitive force if they have fitting bargaining leverage to influence and obtain terms concessions and new(prenominal) booming terms and conditions of sale (Thompson et al, 2010). In the case of the brewery industry, consumers are scattered crossways specific regions in the country. Some states in the Northern part of Nigeria do not permit the sale of alcoholic beverages due to religious beliefs.The footing elasticity demand for sales of brewery products is inelastic, an increase in price whitethorn not have a significant impact on demand. A decrease in consumer disposable income may have a small impact on demand, as buyers may go for cheaper brands or substitute products. The introduction of a new product into market that is not tie in to the brewery industry may compete with brewery products for consumer disposable income. The introduction of GSM service into the Nigerian market in 2003 created a serious competition for the brewery industry (Equity Research report, 2006).The industry has good distribution networks, in fact, they are the buyers in the industry as they control movement of the products from the producer to the retailers, and thus determine the price of the products to a certain extent. This unfortunately does not allow interaction betwixt the producers and the consumers, however the players in the industry especially the two big players endeavour to maintain contact with their consumers by advertisements, promotion of events and also sponsorships of various programmes and activities (Jernigan Obot, 2006). talk terms Power of SuppliersSuppliers in the industry involve distributors of raw materials, components and finished products. much(prenominal) components include bottles, crown corks, labels e.t.c. These services are outsourced be cause the Nigerian law does not permit the brewery firms to produce them (Equity Research report, 2006).There are more distributors and suppliers than existing brewery firms in existence. The raw materials and components being undifferentiated give the manufacturers the luxury to chose their suppliers at will (Equity Research report, 2006). Nigerian Breweries alone has about 147 distributors and wholesalers within the country (Famurewa Orekoya, 2008). However the distributors may pose a threat to the industry during industrial actions. terror of new EntrantsAccording to Porter, the threat of new entrants will affect the profitability of an industry (Porter, 1985) as the incumbents may be forced to put down their prices in order to discourage new entrants thereby reducing profitability. In the Nigerian Brewery industry, some factors which help to raise barrier to entry include capital requirements, legal costs, economies of scale, distribution networks (oppapers.com, 2011). Nigeria n Breweries and Guinness both have foreign technical partners who provide the exacted technical and financial assistance (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011). The other companies are mainly public or state owned and are localised within their region.There were no new entrant into the parentage, until 2009 when SABMiller a South African company came on stream with the learnedness of Peabody Breweries and stock(a) Breweries. SABMiller strategy in gaining part of the market share was to produce low cost beer for a segment of the market who could not afford the amplitude brand of the existing market. However Nigeria Breweries was already producing such through merge Breweries one of its subsidiary (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011).Threat of SubstituteThe availability of substitute may impact an industrys profitability as consumers may decide to switch to a substitute product (Boeing et al, 2008). In Nigeria the consumption of traditional drinks such as burukutu, palm wine and ogogoro has a cultural affinity among consumers in the verdant and urban areas. Other potential substitutes include alcoholic drinks such as wine, brandy, vodka and non alcoholic drinks such as malt, juice, soft and energy drinks. The alcoholic drinks are known to be consumed by a higher segment of the fellowship (Jernigan Obot, 2006), while the non-alcoholic drinks are to target the non-beer consuming religious groups.Beer however remains the beverage of choice as some studies carried out have shown its preponderating preference over other alcoholic beverages (Obot, 2000). Beer is known to account for 96% of alcoholic sales in Nigeria (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011).Intensity of Rivalry among existing firmsThis is a measure of the extent to which existing firms compete among each other for customers, this could be price and non-price ground (Boeing et al, 2008).In the industry as mentioned earlier, competition is between the two major players, however there are no price wars as the products are differentiated and price differences are insignificant. The industry produces 22 brands of lager and 4 brands of stout besides other non-alcoholic drinks, Nigerian Breweries dominates the market in the larger (Star) segment while Guinness dominates the stout (Guinness) segment (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011).For non-priced based competition, the two companies compete on product innovations, such as packaging, brand and advertisements. Consumers have witnessed innovation of packaging from bottle to can and sip-it packs.Summary of Five ForcesA summary of the five forces is hereby presented in the table below using key drivers and resultant effect on industry (Boeing et al, 2008). evade 1ForceKey driversEffectPower of buyersConcentration is high, no bargaining leverage down(p)Power of suppliersSuppliers more than ProducersLowThreat of substituteIncreased fruit in substitute industry highThreat of new EntrantHigh barrier to entryLowIntensity of rivalryTwo major competitorsModerate Overall analysisModerateSWOT AnalysisSWOT analysis will be used to measure an organizations strengths and falteringnesses, opportunities and threats in the industry on a quaternion cell chart (Dibb et al, 2006).Figure 1StrengthEconomies of scale hale financial baseExperienceHigh staff turn-overInflexible technologyCost ControlWeaknessOpportunityTechnology securities industry growthGood distribution networkGovt legislationContinued low toleranceFailure to capture mkt growthThreat(Dibbs et al, 2006)RecommendationsWith strength and opportunity, an organization in the industry can capitalize by expansion or acquisition of weaker firms. An organization with opportunity and internal weakness should watch the market easy and formulate a strategy to build on its weakness. A weak organization facing threat should take the strategic turn-around required, by exiting the business or allow itself to be taken over by a bigger firm. An organization with strength but facing threat should use it s strength to overcome its weakness (Dibb et al, 2006)Hirschmann Herfindahl Index (HHI)HHI is a measurement of the niggardliness of an industry. It is measured by squaring the sum of the market share within that industry . A HHI figure greater than 1800 imply an industry that is considerably knockout (Boeing et al, 2008).Table 2CompanyRevenue (2009)mMarket shareMarket share2Nigerian Breweries$1,10065%4,225Guinness Nigeria$ 587.725%625Others10%100Total4,950(Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011).The HHI measure gives a figure of 4,950 which shows a highly difficult industry tending towards an oligopoly (Boeing et al, 2008).ConclusionThe brewery industry has proved to be a sustainable business in Nigeria with over six (6) decades of operation and having survived years of unstable polity, economic downturns and different government policy and reforms.The industry has been consistently dominated by Nigerian Breweries and Guinness and is distressingly tending towards oligopoly with the acquis ition of five existing breweries by Nigerian Breweries (allAfrica.com, 2011).Nigeria is still considered one of the least penetrated beer market in the world in terms of its demographic population of over 150million (allAfrica.com, 2011). More investors are definitely welcome, however such investors will need to commit huge capital outlay to build plants or seize existing firms and also create a strong distribution network in order to compete with the existing firms.Beer consumption is a win-win situation, Nigerians drink when they are happy and wish to celebrate, they also drink when they are sad or emotionally down. The brewery industry will therefore continue to enjoy a sustained growth in the country.

Reflecting on Competency with Subcutaneous Injection Technique

Reflecting on Competency with Subcutaneous Injection TechniqueThe focus of this essay ordain be to select one clinical skill in which I am developing competence in and muse upon how to achieve the necessary level of competence for this stage of the programme. For the purpose of this essay I chip in chosen to focus on hypodermic injections technique as my clinical skill.The nursing and midwifery councils (NMC) Standards for Medicines management states that administration of medicine is not wholly a mechanistic task to be performed in strict shape with the written prescription other medical practitioner. It requires thought and the exercise of nonrecreational judgement. In decree to perform safe practice it is substantial to lead sound association of the anatomy, forbearing assessment and nursing interventions and methods use be shew base. (NMC 2007).My sharp-wittede for selecting subcutaneous injections (SC) was whilst on my first placement based on a surgical war d this was a widely use skill, which was performed on many occasions. This technique was mostly used for the administration of an anticoagulant medical specialty (tinzaparin sodium) also know as heparin, wedded to patients in order to forbid impairmentful blood clots forming in veins following an operation. Heparin works by changing the way blood clots, allowing blood to flow smoothly through with(predicate) the vessels. (REF)Whilst giving an injection was once the role of the doctor, since the invention of penicillin in forties it became the activity of the support (Workman 1999). Administering injections is an important part of drug administration and a regular, common place activity for the nurse which unfortunately can tardily become a complacent task the technique should be master with a sound knowledge base.Injections atomic number 18 used to distribute practice of medicine through a charterle or syringe. SC injections argon administered for versatile(a) reasons t hese include slow distribution into the body, good absorption due to intramuscular tissue containing small blood vessels and unable to take orally be practice medication would become inactive by stomach acid. Workman (1999) suggests taking quad considerations when administering injections the pose of administration, technique used, equipment used and the r let oute to be used.The choice of the site of injection is based on sound clinical judgement, best evidence and patient assessment (Potter 2010). Site selection is normally upper arm, abdominal cavity or thigh. (Lister Dougherty 2008) suggests upper arm as a most indulgent choice as they contain fewer large blood vessels and slight painful sensations, except in practice the abdomen is a to a greater extent common site for heparin as the throw together contains a thicker subcutaneous tissue (Hunter 2008).It has been expressed that rotation of sites can decrease the likely stumblebum of irritation and ensure improved absorp tion (Dougherty and Lister 2009). Traditionally the technique used when administering subcutaneous injections has been using a 45degree angle into a raise skin fold, however since the introduction of shorter needles and pre filled syringes this has been challenged and it is now urge oned that the injections are given at a 90 degree angle into a raised skin fold to ensure medication is given into the SC layer. (REF)The elbow room to which a medicine is administered determines the extent to which a patient gains clinical benefit. Nurses are responsible for the correct administration of prescribed drugs to patients in their care at all times. Standards for medicine management (NMC 2008a) Adopting a skilled injection technique may make the patients fuck off less painful and prevent supernumerary complications, whereas poor understanding of the technique could result in the injection be administrated intramuscular which could affect the rate of absorption and cause potential har m to the patient (Hunter 2008).SC injections involve depositing medications into the loose connective tissue underlying the dermis, this tissue is not a richly supplied with blood vessels as muscles are thus allowing the medication to be absorbed slowly. Prior to administering a SC injection the following precautions must be followed a patients pre-existing conformation must be assessed to prevent contraindications, patients prescription chart clicked to check correct route, correct dosage of medication, expiry date, bowl overs washed with gook and water to prevent infection, positive patient identification then temper the administration on the appropriate chart to avoid any gemination of patients treatment (Dougherty and Lister 2009)The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual suggests that before administering injections the skin should be cleansed with an alcohol wipe for 30 seconds and allowed to dry in order to prevent any contamination, However it has been questioned that the alco hol in the wipe was cause irritation to the skin or prolonged use may cause skin hardening (Hunter 2008). The local trust do not recommend the use of any skin preparation prior to administering SC injections, however aseptic technique to be maintained and as with all patient contact gloves must be worn (Pratt et al 2007)Disposal of the used injection is extremely important to prevent needle stick injuries, a needle should never be re-sheathed the most frequent route of image to blood-borne diseases for health care workers is from needle stick injuries (Potter 2010).The clinical environment is a never ending source of potential accomplishment experiences that become more meaningful the more you participate. (Sharples 2009) The NMC pass on only accept that a nurse is competent if they are a competent learner (NMC 2004)Evidence establish Practice (EBP) is a systematic approach adopted by nurses to permit a rational decision making that facilitates achievement of best practices a good deal achieved by obtaining the strongest available evidence whilst applying patient care (Potter 2010). EBP is implemented because it allows the highest type of care and resulting in the best patient outcome (Melnyk and friecut-overholt 2011)The NMC (2008) states that patients hold in the rights to have a safe environment and staff has a duty to harbor patients in maintaining knowledge based practice and continuing with their lifelong learning.I realised in order to be able to become a competent nurse in the future I would need to choose the type of learner I am and be able to reflect upon this. If I am unaware of my strengths and weaknesses, it is more likely I volition be unable to help others (Burnard 1992).Self-awareness and analysis are key fragment in reflection, and reflection is an essential skill which needs to be acquired, highly-developed and maintained being self- aware allows us to take control of the situations we go ourselves in, thus becoming less vulner able (Wilding 2008).There are 4 different learning styles identified these are Activists, Pragmatist, Reflector and Theorist.Activists immerse themselves in new experiences, using their enthusiasm to flourish on new challenges. Pragmatists are thought to be practical, putting thoughts, theories and techniques into practice. Reflectors like to take a rate back and observe, collecting and analysing information about events and experiences, often slow to compass a conclusion. Theorists on the other hand have a determination to to favour the facts and are not content on things which dont seem rational (McGill and Beaty 1995)I discovered my learning style was the Activist, although I felt I possessed a few of the other characteristics in the other styles. I enjoy learning most by doing the task at hand and witnessing things rather than reading about them.Bremer (1984) advocates the preferred method of learning is by observing role models, this is often displayed whilst on placement ob serving mentors carrying out tasks before they allow the student to attempt it for themselves.According to Boud (1993) reflecting on private experiences plays a major factor in developing to a high level. Brenner (1984) agrees by suggesting nurses develop to become experts by taught knowledge, by applying the intuition and experience through work practice, however, not all nurses will become experts.In order to develop my learning fully I lived the need to start completing a reflective diary, recording experiences good and bad, strengths and weaknesses in order to improve my performance. Reflecting on experiences allows us to learn from them and how to improve on them to increase patient care. I am often told by nurses who have been qualified for many years that they often reflect on various situations and if they could have responded to a situation more differently and more effectively.Frazer and Greenhalgh (2001) states that faculty is the extent to which the individual can ap ply, adopt and synthesize new knowledge from experiences and continue to improve performance.The World Health Organisation (WHO 1998) identifies competence as the ability to carry out a certain professional wait on which is made up of a repertoire of professional practice.Schon identifies two particular(prenominal) types of reflection, a reflection on action and a reflection in action. Reflection in action takes place in practice and may influence future decisions and outcomes, whilst reflection on action traditionally occurs in educational settings either clinical areas or in the classroom (Hinchliff et al, 2008). Ghaye et al (1996) believe that without reflection it is almost impossible to improve in practice. mind your own individual learning style is extremely interesting and considered valuable in developing the ability to learn and partake in learning experiences, and especially important whilst on placement (Sharples 2009).By gaining personal perspicacity and understandin g it may help us understand others better (Burnard 1995)An essential part of learning is to seize any learning opportunity that may be endowed, a student must show willing, motivated and recognise they are responsible for your own learning. If you as a student present yourself as unmotivated, it will be unlikely that your mentor or others will be motivated to encourage your learning (Sharples 2009).Learn through observational learning on clinical placement and insightful learning in uniStrategic approach to learning(Kolb 1984)

Enrons Collapse and Its Corporate Culture

Enrons ease up and Its Corporate CultureAccording to Albert Camus A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world At first sight, Enron looks like a mega-size illustration of the bad apple among the ripes ones. It projected itself as monetary of business enterprise Ethics. On December 2.2001 Enron Corp. blamed the largest cussruptcy in U.S history due to many a(prenominal) unethical issues. The Enron Scandal shocked the world. Enron had an overwhelming aura of pride and carried with it the implanted belief that its people could handle increasing risk without any consequences. The finishing promoted greed and focuse on how much money could be make for executives. For, example Enrons compensation plans seemed less concerned with generating profits for shareholders than with enriching Companys wealth. Enrons potorate purification reportedly encouraged profiteering.The Enron collapse has sent shockwaves all over the monetary world and raised serious questions regar ding corporate governance. The Enron bankruptcy is becoming the or so famous and highly publicized bankruptcy case in history. there are numbers of unethical issues that contribute Enron to its bankruptcy. They are as follows- haywire Accounting One of the major reason behind of its bankruptcy was wrong(p) account system system. (Enrons lawyers in august 2001)The company used corrupt accounting mea positive(predicate)s to make their profits .Although these practices produced more favorable pecuniary picture ,outside observers believed they competency constitute fraudulent financial report because they didnt accurately represent the companys real financial condition. For example the company established the special-purpose entities (SPEs) to move the assestd and debt of its balance winding-clothes and increase cash black market by showing through its books when it sell as circles.Hiding the redes and inflating profits The company has a cash conflate of negative amount $154 millions, Enron claimed of 3 million in its cash flowBad Communication- Delivering the bad news. Lying to the various stakeholders, the financial state handsts hide the momentous losses to their Stockholders. Stock analysts were often vague and didnt specify their operation terms and their finances.Misleading the financial reports- The bankruptcy filing came after revealing that Enron used (SPEs),Special Purpose Entities. SPEs hid losses. Enron used SPEs to move assets and debts off it balance sheet. This enables increase in its Cash Flow.Poor business and accounting procedures encouraged greed.Unregulated occult partnerships(SPES) to take on debtsOver 5000 Enron employees lost their livelihood due to extremum Managements greed.Enrons VP Sherron Watkins consistently sent reports out to the consequently Chairman outlining improper accounting methods employed. The biggest problem was that Enron outsourced its familiar audit theatrical role. It outsourced both its internal and e xternal auditing function to Arthur Andersen.2. Did Enrons bankers, hearers, and attorneys contribute to Enrons demise? If so, what was their contribution?Enrons demise involve its relation to its bankers ,auditor and attorneys .Enrons auditor Enron auditors knew in mid August from a senior Enron employees concern somewhat improprieties in the energy companys Accounting practices (Washington Jan16) .Arthur Andersen was responsible for ensuring the accuracy of Enrons financial statements and internal bookkeeping. Andersons reports were used by potential investors to judge Enrons financial soundness and emerging potential onward they decided whether to invest. Current investors decide if their funds should dust invested there.Former CEO Jeffrey Skilling, widely seen as Enrons mastermind. He was so sure he had committed no crime that he waived his right to self-incrimination and testified before Congress that he was not aware of any inappropriate financial arrangement. Jeffrey McM ahon told a congressional subcommittee that he had informed Skilling about the companys off-the-balance-sheet partnership in March 2000, when he was Enrons Treasurer. (ENRONS COLLAPSE OVERVIEWRECEIVE WARNING ON ENRON phoebe bird MONTH AGO(Richard A jr. opeel. published on Jan 17 2007)Enrons bankers Although the bank knew there was a problem with Enron finances Its own bankers . Their under opus feeling on debt issue sold to the public to prove that without the bankers Enron depart never remained its scheme on the investing public . JPMorgan Chase and Citibank were already aware of the tax regulations and would have had sources for audited accounts. These banks issued large loans to the company. They could do so because they would then lay off much of the risk through a tortuous process of financial engineering. While shareholders pursue individual claims against the bank the decisiveness Monday stymies any mass effect by shareholders recovers all the parts of loss of $40 billion s from a wall street bank that earned millions of dollars from Enron in banking fees .(Julie Creswel)Enrons Lawyers In the events leading up to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) enquiry, Enrons employees shredded grave documents to prevent any indictments.3.What role did the chief financial officer lean in creating the problems that led to Enrons financial problems?According to Bill Saporito, Fastow earned a reputation of world a money wizard who constructed the complex financial vehicles. He employed techniques that could rapidly exploit deregulating markets for energy, water, broadband might and anything else that could be traded. In 1993, Fastow created hundreds of special-purpose entities designed to transfer Enrons debt to an outside company and ride it off the books-without giving up control of the assets that stood behind the debt.To prevent debasing in Enrons credit rating, Fastow tripled his staff, to more than 100.He hired various banking experts and giving them the business of selling and buying capital risk.This effectively allowed Enrons audited balance sheet to out debt free, while in reality it owed more than 30 billion dollars at the height of its debt. While presented to the outside world as being unaffiliated entities, the funds Fastow created were to take write-downs off Enrons books and guaranteed not to lose money.. Fastow made tens of millions of dollars defrauding Enron in this way, while also neglecting basic financial practices such as reporting the cash on hand and total liabilities.Giles Darby, David Bermingham, and Gary Mulgrew worked for Greenwich NatWest. The three British men had worked with Fastow on a special purpose entity he had started called Swap Sub. When Fastow was being investigated by the SEC, the three men met with the British Financial Services imprimatur (FSA) in November 2001 to discuss their interactions with Fastow.REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRSPHIES1.Farrell, O., Fraedrich ,J and Ferrell, L,(2 010)Business Ethics estimable Decision Making and Cases (8th edition),Houghton Mifflin.2.Cullen,J(1999)Managing Ethical and Social Responsibility Challenges for Multinational Companies ,in Multinational Management .a Strategic Approach, internationalist Thomson Publishing.3.Ackman, Dan. .Enron Files Chap. 11.. Forbes Online 3 December 2001.http//www.forbes.com/2001/12/03/1203topnews_print.htmlFarrell, Greg and Woodyard, Chris. .Three powerful men forged Enron.s path.. ground forces Today 28 January 20024.Miller, Roger and Jentz, Gaylord A. .Business Law Today.. West Legal Studies in Business, 2000.5.St. Onge, Jeff. .Enron set to file largest-ever Chapter 11.. Seattle Times 30 November 2001.6.Talaski, Karen. .Enron.s fall sped Kmart into tailspin.. The Detroit News 27 January 2002.7.Bankruptcy in Brief.. 4 whitethorn 2002 http//www.moranlaw.net/bankruptcybasics.htm8.Cooper outlines Enron reorganization proposal.. Houston Chronicle.com 3 May 2002.9.Enron Arranges $1.5 Billion of De btor-In-Possession Financing.. Enron Corp. pressing Release, 3 December 2001. http//www.enron.com/corp/pressroom/releases/2002/ene/95-120301ReleaseLtr.html10.Enron Crouching Profits, Hidden Debt.. 30 April 2002 http//usgovinfo.about.com/ subroutine library/weekly/aa011402a.htm11.Enron Files Voluntary Petitions for Chapter 11 Reorganization.. Enron Corp. Press Release, 2December 2001. http//www.enron.com/corp/pressroom/releases/2001/ene/PressRelease12.Enron Races to File for Chapter 11, Avoid Liquidation.. Wall Street Journal 30 November 2001.13.Enron, the basics.. 5 May 2002http//abcnews.go.com/sections/business/DailyNews/enron_subindex.htmlhttp//www.enron.com/corp/pressroom/messages/ees.html14.Frequently Asked Questions About the Chapter 11 Filing.. Enron Corp. Press Release, 30 April 200215.http//www.enron.com/corp/pressroom/chapter11faq.htmlProfnet Round-Up Corporate Bankruptcy.. Profnet Online 26 February 200216.http//www3.profnet.com/profnet_home/bubriefs-102.html

Death for John Walker Lindh :: essays research papers fc

Death for John Walker Lindh Death penalisation should be the only choice, no alternatives. John Walker Lindh knows the difference mingled with right and wrong. He also knows the difference between an American Citizen and a traitor.This article describes John Walker as a person with a cold heart. It portrays Walker, as showing no remorse for the plenty who bewildered loved ones due to the tragedy of September 11th, ripe thousands of others have. The article states he chose to advertize alongside the Taliban regime and therefore he should be delt the penalties of being a traitor. We may never know wherefore he turned his back on our country and our values, but we can non thin that he did, Attorney General D. Ashcroft said. Why even talk nigh ignoring what he did. Thousands of lot are dead and more are price due to the actions of the al Qaeda network. Such loses and pain can not be ignored. He turned his back on the United States and people from all over the world. Terroris m is unaccept able not just to Americans but to all nations who endure the rite of freedom and security. wherefore John Walker should be tried in a accost as if he were Osama salt away laden him self.John Walker may have not been directly connected to the September 11th, but he did indeed learn from one of his instructors that Osama bin laden had sent people to the United States to carry out several suicide operations. I do not understand how a human being born and raised as an American can later grow up to fight against innocent people and watch as all American lives consider turned upside down. He found out from an instructor that Osama bin Laden had plans in-store for the States yet did nothing to even contact his own family nor allow anyone know. Maybe this could have been prevented. Or just maybe the next clock time I go back to my hometown, New York City, as I am driving towards my grandmothers house instead of seeing just a lonely, empty blue sky I would be able to see the World Trade Center as it once was months ago.

Comparing Atkins and Balance Energy Bars :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essays

study Atkins and Balance brawn BarsMany are fascinated by the various diets in society people want to lose tilt by finding a reliable method that go forth see to it results. Two common diets include the Atkins Diet and the order Diet. Both of these retain expertness bars that contain the nutrients need to meet the diets specific requirements. In the article Glycemic and Insulinemic responses to energy bars of differing macronutrient composition in florid adults, by Steven Hetzler and Veonsoo Kim, a study was conducted that compared the different energy bars. The study looked at bear upon proportions of these bars to see their founds on glycemic and insulinemic levels. This paper will be focusing on the differences between the Atkins and Balance Energy Bars and the effect they have on glycemic and insulin. The Atkins Diet contains a low amount of carbohydrates, whereas the Zone Diet has the components of a 40% carbohydrate, 30% protein, and 30% fat breakdown. The energy bar s associated with these diet influences the glycemic and insulin levels in the body. By having a reduction of glycemic and insulin levels in the body affects a diet. By having low glucose levels this will ultimately provide to weight loss. This happens either through the removal of carbohydrates or by alter low glycemic index carbohydrates for higher ones. In doing this the higher level of insulin will be reduced, for example high credit line cholesterol levels will go down. To test the insulin and glycemic levels the energy bars contain the study had 20 healthy adult participants. They were split into groups receiving 1 of 5 test meals 1 be low carbohydrates, 2) moderate carbohydrates, 3) high carbohydrates, 4) white bread, and 5) chicken heart. Chicken breast was the negative control since it contains no carbohydrates, whereas white bread was the positive control. riddle meals 1) with the low carbohydrates, include the Atkins Energy Bar, and test meal 2) includes the Balance Energy Bar. In order to see the levels of the glucose and insulin after consuming the bars blood samples were taken and analyzed. In this experiment the Atkins energy bar produced the lowest glucose results.

Odysseus is an Epic Hero :: essays research papers

population be mavenes in different ways for different reasons. American soldiers argon heroes because they fight boldly for their country. Corrie Ten Boom is also a hero because she took risks and saved hundreds of Jews. Abraham Lincoln is another example of a hero because he fought for what he thought was reclaim and helped free either slaves. Similarly, Odysseus, the main character in Homers epic poem The Odyssey, possesses all of these characteristics and galore(postnominal) more, making him a true epic hero.First of all, Odysseus is brave out and courageous, giving him the initiative to fulfill his goals. One example is when Odysseus confronts Skylla. Odysseus purposely make his way along to the foredeckthinking to see her first from there (Homer 217). If he was scared, he would have hidden underneath the deck. But instead, Odysseus goes out to see the beast. Odysseus knows that Skylla is immortal and cannot die, yet he is brave enough to confront her. Next, Od ysseus fights the suitors, who are courting Penelope in his palace. The suitors greatly outnumber Odysseus, but Odysseus bland chooses to fight even though the odds are against him and he is fit to win. He stands up against those who do wrong. Having the courage to fight, Odysseus defeats the suitors and fulfills his goal of regaining his palace. If Odysseus was a coward and did not fight, then the suitors would have eventually won Penelope, resulting in Odysseus losing his palace and his wife. Many people have bravery and courage, but not many use it, as Odysseus does, to achieve their purpose.Secondly, Odysseus has great self-control, which allows him to deeply contemplate his decisions. Moments in the first place Odysseus falls asleep, he spots a covey of women laughing as they slip outto the suitors beds (Homer 375). Seeing this, Odysseus is angered and wants to kill every one of the suitors right then and there. But Odysseus retains his self-control and does not str ike yet. At that moment, if he did strike, he would have lost because he would not have been ready. He retains all his anger for the final battle with the suitors. In that battle, Odysseus is fully prepared and ready to fight, resulting in all the suitors deaths. Next, when Antinoos throws a footstool at Odysseus, Odysseus only(prenominal) shakes his head, containing thoughts of bloody work (Homer 326).

Biography On Julius Caesar :: essays research papers

Julius CaesarA human of Great pinnacle Julius Caesar was a satisfying proceeder of the Romans who changed the course of the account for the Roman piece decisively and irreversibly. With his courage and strength, he created a strong empire and point the empire for almost 20 socio-economic classs. His life was short, nevertheless had m either adventures. I will tell of some of this mans remarkable life. He did many another(prenominal) things, therefore, I will only treat a few. His defecate, touch off of his reign, adept of his greatest disputes, and his death will be told.Julius Caesar was born on the 13th day of the month Quintilis (now July) in the year of 100 B.C. His intact name was Gaius Julius Caesar, the same as his fathers name. Gaius was his given name and Julius was his surname. Caesar was the name of unrivalled branch of the Julian family. Its original meaning was "hairy. Caesars family was non prominent, but they claimed to be descended from Venus as orchestrate as the kings of Alba Langa. In spite of that fiction, Caesar was well connected through his relatives and received some definitive government assignments during his y stunnedh. Julius Caesar was the authoritarian of Rome from 61-44 BC. At the time of his birth, Rome was steady a state and the empire was only beginning. Caesar made his counselling to be considered a head of Rome by 62 BC, but many of the senate felt him a dangerous, ambitious man. The senate did their best to keep him out of consulship. He finally became consul in 59 BC. In Caesar, they saw only the scourge of a king, a word that was linked with the word tyrant that is brute(a) or foul rule. One of Caesars greatest victories in battle was just afterwards he had gained control over the lands of Bituriges, Vercingetorix. He started to lead his army to the Boii oppidum of Gorgobina, another(prenominal) city under his control. On the way, he halt his troops at Vellaundunum, oppidum of the Senones, and set up military blockade. He did not regard to leave any enemies behind him who might get in the way of the grain deliveries and supply. The Carnutes, one of Romes enemies, had just heard of the siege at Vellaundunum. They collect troops to Garrison Cenabum, the Carnutes stronghold. Caesars army camped out right in front of the fort.Biography On Julius Caesar essays research papers Julius CaesarA Man of Great Stature Julius Caesar was a strong leader of the Romans who changed the course of the history for the Roman world decisively and irreversibly. With his courage and strength, he created a strong empire and guided the empire for almost 20 years. His life was short, but had many adventures. I will tell of some of this mans remarkable life. He did many things, therefore, I will only discuss a few. His name, part of his reign, one of his greatest battles, and his death will be told.Julius Caesar was born on the 13th day of the month Quintilis (now July) in the year of 100 B .C. His full name was Gaius Julius Caesar, the same as his fathers name. Gaius was his given name and Julius was his surname. Caesar was the name of one branch of the Julian family. Its original meaning was "hairy. Caesars family was not prominent, but they claimed to be descended from Venus as well as the kings of Alba Langa. In spite of that fiction, Caesar was well connected through his relatives and received some important government assignments during his youth. Julius Caesar was the dictator of Rome from 61-44 BC. At the time of his birth, Rome was still a republic and the empire was only beginning. Caesar made his way to be considered a head of Rome by 62 BC, but many of the senate felt him a dangerous, ambitious man. The senate did their best to keep him out of consulship. He finally became consul in 59 BC. In Caesar, they saw only the threat of a king, a word that was linked with the word tyrant that is cruel or unjust rule. One of Caesars greatest victories in battle w as just after he had gained control over the lands of Bituriges, Vercingetorix. He started to lead his army to the Boii oppidum of Gorgobina, another city under his control. On the way, he stopped his troops at Vellaundunum, oppidum of the Senones, and set up siege. He did not want to leave any enemies behind him who might get in the way of the grain deliveries and supply. The Carnutes, one of Romes enemies, had just heard of the siege at Vellaundunum. They gathered troops to Garrison Cenabum, the Carnutes stronghold. Caesars army camped out right in front of the fort.

Essay --

It is almost impossible to describe the evolution of medieval atomic number 63 into the modern world without incorporating the social theory concepts. Social theorists Marx and weber canvass this development using the ideologies of the origins of modern capitalism and social inequality as Marx compares materialism with class struggle. The proletariat and bourgeoisie fall under deuce distinct groups the workers and capitalists. In this paper, I will argue that both weber and Marx have relatable accounts on the origins of capitalism and social inequality, hardly Webers explanations are ambivalently grounded in human, historical, and non-economic factors firearm Marx uses an explicit economic determinism approach and is sure enough of change through social persuasion.WeberWeber theorizes that cultural value enmeshed in the Protestant ethic, as expressed by seventh Century Puritans, hastened the establishment if modern capitalism. Weber unearths this ethic in the eighteenth century, when influential figures such as Benjamin Franklin exemplified that the ethic is no yearlong connected to salvation (Bailey & Gayle, 2003). Instead, the labor for money became completely comprehended as an end in itself. During Webers contemporary times, capitalism, now collapse of its linkage to Protestant values, manifested itself in a mandatory, socially-rooted system requiring everyone to participate in it or become excluded. Weber demonstrates this by referring to the 17th C stern protestant, who voluntarily wanted to be an individual with a vocational calling, nevertheless today is forced to be (Weber, 1958). MarxMarx theorizes the origins of capitalism by explaining the alienated state of matter of modern man through a focus on materialism. harmonize to Marx, the system of production of mat... ...alues in their accounts, they vary in the way that they establish their ideas to the audience, with Marx showing a firm economic deterministic approach while Weber is detached non-participant observer, tracing the root of capitalism to the Protestant religion. Weber explains the capitalist social class from the human psychological or motivational perspective while Marx focuses on the capabilities of the working class to bring change. For both these theorists, religion has a functional value for understanding and solving capitalism, but Weber, unlike Marx, sees it as the only cause for, and solution to modern capitalism. utilise an economic principle approach, Marx asserts that modern capitalism polarizes social class transaction between the elites and the working class but social persuasion in the latter can help form a post-capitalist socioeconomic environment.

Dick Diver as Control Freak in Fitzgeralds Tender is the Night Essays :: Tender is the Night Essays

Dick loon as Control drug addict in Tender Is the Night In Fitzgeralds Tender is the Night, Dick loon is assigned the agency of doctor, but he does not play this role convincingly. In modern technical terms, Diver is a domination freak, to a greater extent(prenominal) dysfunctional than his star patient and wife, Nicole Diver. As Diver loses control of more and more situations and begins to assume Nicoles instabilities, his integrity lessens -- he bugger offs more of a drunkard and less of a psychiatrist. Divers profession as a psychiatrist is the primary signal Fitzgerald gives the reader that Divers character thrives on arrangement and conquering the human being mind. Diver has only one plan To be a intelligent psychologist -- maybe to be the greatest one that ever lived (Fitzgerald, Tender, 132). This goal represents Divers evoke in all overpowering others initially through medical practice and his understanding that he has the capacity to do so. Rooted in Divers past, the desire to control portrays itself later in Divers relationships and calculated behaviors. Fitzgerald highlights Divers incessant need to control pot when describing the Divers notorious parties. Diver wants to give a really bad party ... a party where theres a brawl and seductions and people going near home with their feelings hurt and women passed out in the cabinet de toilette (27). To bring home the bacon this goal, Diver has perfected the skill of manipulating his guests, so that he won everyone quick with an exquisite consideration and a politeness that moved so exuberant and intuitively that it could be examined only in its effect (27-28). Diver believes he has the power to dictate the behavior of his guests and the outcome of his parties. Playing with people has become a hobby of Divers, as he must be in control of his guests and the evening at all times. Divers controlling nature presents itself not only at his parties, but also in his relations with Nicole Diver. dapple Diver does love his wife, he nonetheless handles her, always treating her like a patient over whom he has power. During their courtship, the letters Diver sends to Nicole Diver tell mostly, be a good girl and mind the doctors (130). These were not traditional love letters, rather letters between an adoring patient and her doctor. Diver retained his superior status as doctor who had control over her while corresponding with her, as his letters contained commands for her behavior -- he knew she would obey his directions.

Du Bois vs. Cox Essay -- essays research papers

Du Bois vs. Cox     Every one has a different technique of evaluating the construct of race. The question that I wanted to ask is how these writers are using their experiences to development their own opinion. How did this concept of race develop into the immense issue we are facing like a shot? According to Oliver C. Cox, the linage of race relations starts with suppositions of ethnocentrism, intolerance, and racism. W. E. B. Du Bois said that if what want to set out the truth out around race we need to look at the chronicle of the world past the last centuries. The origin of race in my judgment as resulted from both history and the concepts mentioned in Coxs opinion.      He was an African American sociologist. He has born on frightful 24, 1901. From Port of Spain, Trinidad, Cox was one of eight children and was raised by his uncle Reginald who was a teacher. He came to the United renders and earned a degree in history and economics in 1927 at Tuskegee Institute. The environment in Alabama thwarted him and he then joined the faculty of Lincoln University in Jefferson City, atomic number 42 in 1949. He stayed there until 1970, when he joined the faculty of Wayne State University in Michigan. Cox is best known for his attack on the grade school of race relations, in later years he argued his bolshy views of capitalism and race in three books Foundations of Capitalism (1959), Capitalism and American Leadership (1962), and Capitalism as a System (1964). His final change state was Jewish Self-Interest and Black Pluralism (1974). Oliver Cromwell Cox died September 4, 1974. Compared to Cox one can tell how W.E.B. Du Bois life influenced the way he thinks and acts.       William Edward Burghardt (W.E.B.) Dubois was born on February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He was one of the most influential subdued leaders of the first half of the 20th Century. Dubois shared in the inductio n of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP, in 1909. He served as its director of research and editor of its magazine, "Crisis," until 1934. Dubois was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1896. Between 1897 and 1914 Dubois conducted numerous studies of black nightspot in America, publishing 16 research papers. He began his investigations believing that soc... .... To delimitate racism we have to look at history and see where the idea of difference all started. In Theories of Race and Racism edited by Les Back and John Solomos, essays by Oliver Cox and W.E.B. Du Bois address the question about race. Cox in his essay stated that ethnocentrism, intolerance, and racism are the signpost to follow to see the origin of races. However, W. E. B. Du Bois said that history presents the facts about the origin of races. I thoughts combine Cox and Du Bois ideas if these two concepts were examined together I repre sent that we could find a little more about racism and races. campaign Cited     Back, Les, and Solomos, John, Theories of Race and Racism A Reader, (New York Routledge, 2000).      Lewis, David L., W.E.B. Dubois Biography of a Race, 1868-1919, (New York Owl Books, 1994).     Lewis, David L., W.E.B. Du Bois The advertise for Equality and the American Century 1919-1963, (New York Henry Holt and company, LLC, 2000).     Reed, Adolph Jr., New Introduction The flavor and Career of Oliver C. Cox, (USA 2000). ISBN 1-58367-006-8

Essay on Women in A Dolls House and Tess of the DUrbervilles :: A Dolls House Essays

A Dolls House and Tess of the DUrbervilles During the late nineteenth century, women were beginning to introduce out from the usual molds. Two authors from that time period wrote two recognise but very similar pieces of literature. Henrik Ibsen wrote the play A Dolls House, and Thomas audacious wrote Tess of the DUrbervilles. Ibsen and uncompromising both use the male characters to contrast with their female counterparts to elaborate how women are stronger by following their hearts instead of their opinions. Ibsen uses Torvald, to depict a world where men choose to follow their minds in place of their hearts. Ibsen has Torvald guess that he is truly in love with his wife Nora. Torvald believes he exit risk my lifes blood, and everything, for your sake.(63) The author sets the reviewer up to believe that Torvald is a courteous guy who would give life and limb to defend his confessedly love, as the author believes that any real creation would. Later in the play, a circumsta nce arises where he is given the opportunity to defend his wife. He does a 180 degree turn around and explains to his wife that no man would sacrifice his honour for the one he loves.(71) The author shows the stupidity of Torvald with his misconception of honor. In actuality when a man sacrifices himself for the one he loves it brings him honor. Torvald is viewed as a authentic hypocrite. Torvald also believes the most important thing is to save the . . . appearance.(65) He follows his mind, still interested in what is best for society. Ibsen illustrates him as a truly infirm human. In contrast to Ibsen, Hardy takes an intellectually free thinker, Angel, who shows a very close minded perspective on events instead of opening himself to his true inner feelings. When Angels bride get outs to him that she has committed the sin of pre-marital sex as did Angel, he begins to reveal to the reader his ignorance. In her sin, forgiveness does not apply.(244) Angels double standard shows t he reader that sexism even existed in the free thinkers of the time period like Angel. He believed that his wifes sin was not a question of respectability, but one of principle.(257) Hardy mocks Angel because he ironically believes himself free from the church, but in actuality his mind is a prisoner to their principles.