Sociology Essays Racism Football Sport

Sociology Essays racialism Football Sport racial discrimination Football SportReal Literature ReviewThe phenomenon of racialism in football game game game is non as old as the conflict of racialism in society in general, however neither is it as recent as the current worrying situation in which just ab break to believe ( hold et al.1998). guts et al. (1998) identified that football grounds welcome provided one of the largest public atomic number 18nas in which racialism preempt be openly expressed. It is against this background that the phenonomenon of racial discrimination in football has led to wide dispense discussion during the past couple of decades at bottom the media, amongst policy makers and in the wider football fraternity.Recently, on that point has been a join on in the study of sport, racial discrimination and heathenality (Jarvie 1991). Numerous factors which ordain be rationaliseed have undoubtedly contributed to fuel this interest. However, a co uple of considerations appear to have been of great importance. Firstly, dumb sportsmen and sportswomen throughout the world have get laidd uncommon successes in international sport (Jarvie 1991).According to Mercer, (1994) and Shohat and Stam, 1994) this whitethorn be due to the fact that app bently apiece commanding stereotype has a negative result. Therefore, as black men and women have come to pass in respective(a) sports, people of a non ethnic backgroundhave needed an explanation for why what seemed to be an small race gouge outper frame a superior one. This may be one of m some(prenominal) factors which may have encouraged resentment for their success which in turn could have lead to abuse in a racialist character.Secondly, a disproportionately high direct of athletic participation by divers(a)(a) ethnic minority finales has a lot been used by liberal minded sports enthusiasts as an excuse to fence that there is no racial discrimination in these beas. Thes e authors use these patterns to try and illustrate that there is no form or racialism in trusted sports, however authors much(prenominal) as (Williams 1992, 1994 Turner 1990 Holland 1992a, 1992b, 1995) have turn up otherwise.Bairner (1996) and Guha (1997) who are thought to be sporting enthusiasts argue the assumption that sport itself is relatively free from racial discrimination and that sport, much than any other sphere of society, enjoys a certain degree of democratization and equality jibe to Jarvie (1991). However, such accounts of sport which make general inferences about the changing nature of racial transaction in society based on a consideration of athletic participation rates (Jarvie, 1991, p. 3) are guide due to their ignorance of the broader do its of power and domination in spite of appearance society.Although there has been a sizable interest of studies in the cranial orbit of race and sport in the UK (Chappell et al. 1996 Norris Jones,1998) counselling ing primarily on the issues of stacking and centrality is useful evidence in a descriptive term. However, in terms of quantifiable data indicating that there is a decrease racism in sport, it would be very nave to gain assumptions that their was a decrease in racism in sport from these sources. Maguire (1991) has thereof value that there is a need for greater qualitative as well as numeric research into the area in the hope that a to a greater extent rounded picture may be green groceriesd (p. 100).Although some qualitative research involving racism in English football has been carried out (Cashmore,1982 Howe, 1976 Maguire, 1991), these studies unaccompanied strong on the experiences of sack level Black players. This has been highlights to identify there is very little data on the experiences of racism on lower league footballers. Therefore, this is a worthy study because non only will it explore the diverse avenues of racism, but will overly give a broader picture as to t he experiences of racism in lower league footballers. It is believed that non-league football, which consists of the middle section of the football hierarchy in the United Kingdom, would turn off to be a grounded place for such a study for a vicissitude of reasons. First, the realities of race relations could well be more real at lower levels of the game than in the polished purlieu of original sport (Hoberman, 1997) due to its less cosmopolitan nature (Maguire, 1991).The need to investigate below the top level of sport has been echoed by Horne (1996),who stated that focusing on the lower level of association football close may be beneficial in understanding the differing forms of attachment to, and identification with, the game for Black players, as these everyday levels could well be important sites for consolidating and possibly transforming racist attitudes (p. 61). He further stated that investigations at different levels of soccer are needed if involvement of ethnic mino rities in sport and in the wider community are to be better unders tood and appreciated Racism is undoubtedly a sensitive issue and it is important to be clear on what racism is when conducting the research.What is Racism?As quoted from the McPherson report from the Stephen Lawrence InquiryRacism in general terms consists of conduct or words or practices which advantage or separate people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin. In its more subtle form it is as detrimental as in it oert form. (Macpherson, 1999 6.4)According to Long et al (2000) racism arises from the belief that people piece of tail be divided into physical genetic categories that make some superior to others, a belief which is whence used to justify inequality. He also goes on to explain that recently racism has been recognised to purpose beyond supposed biological superiority to others to encompass notions of cultural differences (Long et al, 2000 p. 15).Further to this point Solomos and Back (1996) who conducted a study on racism in society states that racism canful be seen as a mutable and changing phenomenon in which notions of biological or pseudo-biological cultural difference are utilised to explain and legitimate hierarchies of racial dominance and exclusion. Therefore there are cases where people do not relieve oneself they are disadvantaging people because of their ethnicity. This is can be referred to as everyday, subconscious or indirect racism (Long et al. 2000).It is instrumental to look at racism on a broad scale to identify the common trends which may occur and compare them with the experiences of individuals in the UK. Therefore, different types of research such as ..carried out deep down various countries in europium was a practical place to begin with.Racism in football is salvage a major problem in Poland, Spain and Italy for instance. In the Netherlands Ajax fans have the tradition of using Jewish and Israeli symbols to express their allegiance(Wikipe dia). This shows how the picture can often be complex, as these Ajax fans are for the closely part not Jewish, but use Jewish symbols because of the diachronical connections of the club and the area it was founded in to Jews before WW1.Within Holland fans of team ups performing Ajax sometimes exhibit racist behaviour in terms of anti-semitic remarks, even though there are no actual Jewish players at Ajax another example from the literature is those Italian fans from Napoli who back up Argentinians in the world cup 1990, rather than the national team, because their local team hero Maradonna was in the Argentine side. This lack of national loyalty meant that the Federal Italian fans dis the liked the southern region fans and so back up anyone who played against Argentina. Examples like these two above highlight that it is not always a straight former picture that we are dealing with in considering racism within football.Local and divided loyalties arise and sometimes exchanged , patterns of illogical racist behaviour can develop according to varying circumstances. Therefore the racism on display in European football matches is more often than not dependent on the traditions and historic rivalries within white fans cultures (UNESCO 2000).However, there also may be common practices of racism that can be seen through out Europe and even the world. Therefore common ways to deal with it are applicable While one must recognize that the problem of racism is different in each country, a Europe-wide initiative to assault the problem must surely be welcomed (UNESCO 2000).Even within the UK their are a different patterns and history of racism, and different things being d aver to combat it. The situation in Scotland or Northern Ireland is different from that in England and Wales. For instance the investigation in 2007, against westbound Ham fans before the match with Spurs was over anti-Semitic chirps. An example of the kind of chants that are sometimes used aga inst Spurs fans areThose yids from TottenhamThe gas mans got themOh those yids from White hart Lane (UNESCO 2000)Localised RacismAuthers such as Holland et al. (1995) who considered the impact of racism by far proper(a) concourses at Leeds united football club and the strategies used to oppose these by the club identified that it is insurmountable to identify uniform patterns of racism or prejudice or race relations, rationalize their own choice of focus on the basis that terms such as race, ethnicity and sport have to be specifically unpacked in terms of content, time and place.There is a general consensus that white players do not experience racism in football in the UK, however there is evidence to oppose this belief. There are in fact individuation codes within football culture which reveal instead complicated racial meanings. A prime example is the song Id rather be a Paki than a Scouse which is regularly birdsong to Liverpool supporters by supporters from Arsenal and Ch elsea and Manchester United fans.This song which is sung to the tune of Shell be coming round the mountain is directed at Merseyside fans. The intention is to demote the locating people who come from Merseyside from being a normal English society, to one which is frowned upon. Therefore ridiculing the neighbourhood patriotism of Scouseness. This is achieved by fans of different ethnicities from London and Manchester to altering the meaning of being a loathed minority which is the stigmatized category of a Paki, rather than retain their race and be a Scouser.This example ehphasises the complexities of local racialization and racial exclusion. Likewise it also highlights the fact that different minority communities may have a different hierarchal attitude within local society. . For example, young black men may win inclusion and even command positions of prestige within particular fan cultures while other minorities in this case SouthAsians are relegated to the status of vilified o utsiders.(Williams 1992 24)Williams has also developed a more nuanced notion of the politics of racism within English football. interestingly he used Phil Cohens (1988) notion of nationalism of the neighbourhood to discuss the ways in which minorities can win contingent inclusion within local working-class collectivitiesReverse RacismThe terms of racism, moreover, may in some situations also be reversed and lead to phenomena that are difficult to grasp without a sense of the inherent contradictions of contingent Racialization. For example, it has been noted that a racialized black identity can have a number of advantageous connotations within a masculine culture like soccer. In some circles, the fab dimensions of the black body (of physical, sexual and athletic prowess) may even make a black identity preferable over a white one in terms of its ability to signify a powerful masculinity (Carrington, 2002).As a result, such racialized identities may sometimes be sought out for short t erm gains as kind of strategic essentialism (Mercer, 1994). Without doubt, the contingent admiration of racialized black bodies and men is not only a source of possibility within soccer culture, but also one of restraint. Racialized expectations of black performance, for example, position black players virtuallyly in attacking roles, and much more rarely as come upon defenders or goalkeepers (Maguire, 1991).Moreover, this particular black identity is not available to all black players. In transmission line to players of British-Caribbean descent, those of British Asian descent are rarely perceived as potentially talented master copy players in any position at all. The latter ethnicity, as Burdsey has shown, is stereotypically taken as effeminate and too frail for soccer (Burdsey, 2004).Long, Tongue, Sprackle. and Carrington(1995) affirm this assumption that racial stereotyping provides a freefall for commonsense racism (Long et al., 1995). These assumptions transcend a belief th at it authorized that Asians cannot play football. This in tern leadsindividuals who do not research the subject to believe that these myths are true. These views are the same for black players. Examples include not being good trainers, not being any good once the pitches get muddy and not having the bottle to be defenders (Long 2000).A further brilliant note there is that in recent years a Japanese player, Shunsuke Nakamura has been making a ample contribution towards decreasing racist habits amongst Scottish football fans, merely by his popularity as a player. The chummy chant there of Oh, its so Japaneasy, when Nakamura gets the ball makes a welcome change from the racist chants that are otherwise comprehend in football.His football shirt had become the favourite new buy amongst Children in Glasgow, and they have welcomed him as one of their own, so that The Japanese midfielder revealed in the pages of the official club magazine, The Celtic View, that he would even contempl ate extending his contract with the Hoops, such is the manner in which he has acclimatized to life in the West of Scotland. (Soccerphile Ltd, 2000)In a 1995 England vs. Republic of Ireland friendly match in Dublin saw considerable upset from hard vegetable marrow group of right wingers, including the BNP and Combat 18 groups. They chanted anti-republican songs that led to such incompetent fights that the game was actually called off, only half an hour later. Research into such things brings to light the cultural nature of racism in football. It comes out in ways that depend on the wider culture that it is within.Clearly the longsighted history of trouble between Eire and England is the background to the 1995 scenes. In a habit that is similar that outlined in Italy where the northerners call the southerners blacks there is also a tendency towards antagonism between the North and South of England. The chant Id rather be a Paki than a scouse (Liverpudlian) is sometimes used by the fans of some southern teams playing against Liverpool.Tim Crabbe, principle lecturer in sport sociology at Britains Sheffield Hallam University notes the consequence of using such race related words These insults only work because of the stigma that these racial groups even-tempered suffer in the minds of large swathes of white European society. As such, race often stands on the sidelines, gain to be mobilized in circumstances where it is deemed appropriate within the ritualized abuse of a football game (UNESCO, 2000)spectacular incidents like these focused the publics attention, and attracted widespread debate in the media about the role of racism among certain groups of supporters and about violence and hooliganism. It is perhaps not surprising therefore that most studies of racism in football tend to concentrate either on the nature and extent of racist abuse in and around football stadiums (Holland 1992a, 1992b, 1995), or are preoccupied with the recruitment activities of e xtreme right-wing movements (CCS 1981 Leeds Trades Council 1988 Waters 1988). In addition a number of writers have analysed the phenomenon of the growing presence of black players in football, notably Cashmore (1983, 1990), Woolnough (1983), mound (1989) and Vasili (1994).While most studies have focused on the issue of fan behaviour, racism is apparent at other levels.Football racism TheoriesIn terms of scholastic writing and in the minds of the general public, racism in football is often associated with the hostile behaviour of groups of hooligans in and around the stadium (Holland 1992a, 1992b, 1995, Garland and Rowe, 2001 Back et al 1999 Jones, 2002). Nevertheless, it has been acknowledged by Brown (1998) that racism exists amongst normal soccer fans, players and even amongst referees and coaches (King, 2004).Racism has also been identified amongst referees and coaches and in the institutional regions of football associations such as executive committees of football clubs (Back et al., 1999). Further to this point, a number of writers have analysed the phenomenon of the growing presence of black players in football, in particular Cashmore (1983, 1990), Woolnough (1983), Hill (1989) and Vasili (1994). Although, most studies have concentrated on the issue of fan behaviour, racism is evident at other levels.Authors such as Back, Crabbe and Solomus, (1999) have indicated that the majority of the literature on racism in football overlooks the issue by reducing the problem to a clearly identifiable, overt form in which everyone can recognise as racist behaviour. A prime example would be racist hooligan groups (Back et al., 1999). They adumbrate instead that racism in football should be considered as a part of global football culture.Interestingly, Back et al. (2001) recognised that identifying racism is a more complex than task than originally perceived. They identified that there lies four domains in which racism can be measured in football culture. These can be identified as the the vernacular, the occupational, the institutional and the culture industry. The vernacular domain relates to those forms of racist behaviour which can be identified by society as a negative form of abuse within football. These problems include explicit racist chanting amongst fans.This also includes local rivalries which can be identified as a form of neighbourhood nationalism (Long, 2000) which can lead to racist behaviours within and outside the stadiums (Crabbe, 2004). An example of this is the 1995 England vs. Republic of Ireland friendly match in Dublin which saw considerable trouble from hard core group of right wingers. The second domain which has been identified is the occupational domain which concentrates on the forms of racism players experience at their football clubs.These can include experiences on the training ground and in the chaning rooms. Racist actions which can also be identified in this domain include the process of stacking players in c ertain positions which coincide with historic racial folk law views of successful positions for some for ethnic minorities (Maguire, 1991) EXAMPLE The institutional arena involves the administration and management of the football. Racial issues which arise from the institutional domain include a lack of chafe for ethnic minorities towards decision making and policies and at the club. racialized patterns of club ownership, and a lack of re modelation of different ethnic groups on management and club boards.It also involves the shapes of social networks that can constitute racialized networks of patronage, which hinder access of certain minorities in football (Solomos and Back 1995 and Burdsey, 2004). This is reflected due to the growing number of black and ethnic players, emerging from professional football. It would be natural to think that this organic evolution would naturally transcend to the institutional forums of football.However, this has not had a substantial impact on ma nagement, coaching or in the board rooms (Solomos and Back 1995). The fourth domain, culture industry, looks at racism involved in biased representations of football players from different ethnic backgrounds in the popular media and patterns of advertising and sponsorship that support them (Hernes, 2005).The four arenas of racialization in football mentioned above bring to light the different ways in which racial exclusion can occur within football. This shows that there has been a development on the notions of racism which illustrate that there is in fact more depth to the origins of racism compared to introductory authors such as Williams (2001) who relate racism in football with hooliganism and violence.Therefore, this research has focussed on all the aspects of racism which have been identified in the literature. However, in particular finding out if the more covert forms of racism are existent at lower league football.InitiativesIn addition, the Football Offences spot was pas sed in 1991 which criminalized racial chanting or abuse (Armstrong, 1998). Nevertheless, according to Welsh (1998), the undoubted racialized nature of the fan environs has resulted in a generation of black people having been hounded out of football by overt racism (p. xii). Emphasizing this point of a continuing racialized environment, he went on to ask,The Football unites, racism divides initiative (FURD), started in 1995 by some Sheffield United fans focuses on the issue of increasing the participation of people from ethnic minorities in football in a variety of ways. They note It has long been the case that a number of fans have used Saturday afternoons at football matches to air their racial prejudices but it is now recognised that this minority of racist fans is only part of the problem. (FURD, 1997)They help make it clear that in order to decrease racism in football it is also necessary to get people from ethnic minorities involved, not just as fans, but also as players, mang ers, etc. FURD indicates that the UK was the first country to try to tackle racism in football in an organised way. The Lets Kick Racism out of Football campaign was started in 1993, also the Show Racism the Red Card came soon after.Now there is a Europe wide effort, the Football Against Racism in Europe (FARE) network. The Lets Kick Racism prohibited of Football is now well established within the UK and aims to prevent racism through a variety of aspects. KickIt Out works throughout the football, educational and community sectors to challenge racism andwork forpositive change. (Kick it out, 2007) They target Professional football players and clubs with advice, and try to get to Young people in schools and youth clubs.However, more specific to this research project, they also attempt to prevent racism within Amateur football, and so plosive consonant it growing into the professional side. They also, in conjunction with the most recent developments in combating racism in football t ry to help various Ethnic Minorities, especially Asians become involved with football.The (SIRC) notes two important points, that racism an important factor in the problem of football hooliganism itself (SIRC, (2007). The actual extent of racism is roughly im practicable to measure as detailed statistics in this context are almost non-existent. The issue of football hooliganism was better known, at least until recently in the UK. Of course it is a less bellicose issue, as the vast majority of people can easily condemn it. When it comes to racist hooligan behaviour then the issue become that divisive. Since, it appears many in the UK restrained harbour racist attitudes in various ways.Another aspect of the literature that has informed the present study is the issue of right wing groups and racism. Groups like the BNP are often associated with racism in football. It is an issue to consider as to why the groups are attracted to each other Some debate also exists as to whether right- wing groups deliberately target soccer fans as recruits or whether soccer fans are drawn into the groups because of the opportunities they offer for violence. (SIRC, 2007)It appears that some researchers think right wing groups do deliberately target football fans. Others think that they are opportunist and use violence as a way to direct aggression against those they see as their enemies, i.e. ethnic minoritiesTypes of Racism A study in 1999 by Jon Garland and Michael Rowe attempted to consider three aspects of racism in football and efforts made to combat it the conflation of racism with hooliganism the role of antiracist campaigns within the game and the denial of the problem of racism within football. (Garland and Rowe, 1999 335). They suggest that although the various efforts by fans and clubs are good, they lack an academic rigor in the way that defines racism and other important concepts.This is not just academic nit picking, but something that actually affects real efforts. For instance there is often too much attention paid to large scale, obvious examples of racism, such as a group of fans self consciously giving the Nazi salute. This at the expense of more subtle examples of racism at the everyday level.They suggest that these everday forms of racism are actually more harmful to individuals because of the impact on their ordinary lives which can cause psychological upset in a way that is, though hard to quantify, deeply felt. Garland and Rowe note that initiatives would benefit from having more sociological thinking freighter them Adopting these perspectives at the local level would help both clubs and fans to develop and sustain more meaningful programmes that suit the prevailing conditions. (Garland and Rowe, 1999 335).Overt racism among supporters and abuse directed at black players, both of which flourished in the 1970s and 1980s, have declined steeply in recent years in the face of vociferous public campaigning such as the throw in the towel it out campaign. EXAMPLE JOHN BARNES However, Crabbe, (2004) goes on to note that the underlying negative feelings against black players appears to still be there.Also, that, unfortunately in other European countries it is not even implicit EXAMPLE LEWIS HAMILTON 2008. The racism is still very much explicit and in your face. He notes the singing of chants like Get out, get out, queers, niggers, Basques and Catalans in Spain and anti-Semitic slogans written on club walls in Italy. In addition, some researchers think that there has been something of a return to racist behaviour in football in the last few years. (Cowley 2003) comments on the possible cause of this the present rise stems partly from the growth of racism within society generally The present war on terror has brought about increased suspicion, hatred and outright hostility to Muslim communities in Britain. (Cowley, 2003 55)Statistics in 2000 from the Football League national fan survey sagest that three out of ten of fa ns had heard racist remarks aimed at players in the 1999/2000 season. 7% had seen racism towards other fans. These figures are very similar for the FA prime(a) League. only 4% of all FA Premier League fans surveyed thought racism was getting worse at football matches at that level in 2001.Although, half way through 2001 apparently racially motivate organised groups of fans and others were involved in serious disturbances in Oldham before the Oldham Athletic v Stoke metropolis match. This appeared to be the accelerator which caused disturbances later in northern cities to ethnic minorities who retaliated to these supporters and racist organisations (Williams, 2001).Inconspicuous forms of RacismThe focus on different cultural domains and interactions outlined above has particular consequences for the way racist behaviour is understood, and its replication theorized. Overt and instantly recognisable racist acts can no longer be taken as shorthand to classify a person as belonging to a deviant group of soccer fans that is characterized by moral degeneration (that is, racist/hooligans).As (Garland and Row, 1999) state, they should rather be seen as expressions of a big racialized culture of Football. Therefore, the solution to understanding racism does not lie solely in the study of the content, consequences and intentions behind the overt racist act itself. Interestingly it also requires taking into account the cultural context in which such acts become meaningful expressions (Miles, 1997).Further to this point Miles (1997) declared that the cultural context of racism is retell through continued development of Racialization, which are contained in the unobtrusive, sub-conscious ins and outs of everyday life. These everyday endeavours can range from a simple joke about black players in the changing room to differential racist expectations on the training grounds and the development of mono-ethnic sub-groups of players within mixed soccer clubs and teams (King, 2004).These practices do not necessarily produce overtracism, nor may people identify these expressions with that of a racialized nature. However, by reproducing a racialized situation they are in fact, fuelling the catalyst for overt racist abuse to occur in meaningful ways.Since the potential for meaningful expressions of racism lies in sets of racialized practices and interactions of wider soccer culture, the usual focus on the perpetrator and victim of the racist act needs to be complemented with a similar rigorous attention for the culture in which the act was expressed.Racialization implies a set of differentially racialized cultural contexts it also constitutes a move away from the common assumption that such a context is formed by a single, coherent racist ideology. Instead, it allows for an understanding of the contradictions and incoherencies within and between the expressions of racism in different domains of soccer culture.For example, white soccer fans can racially abu se black players of the opposite teamWhilst supporting those on their own team, (Garland and Rowe, 1999) and racist abuse is also common between different non-white ethnic groups and in situations where the white majority is underrepresented (King, 2004).Institutional Racism in football?Back et al (2001) interestingly made some intriguing observations when invited to a Carling No.1 Panel of Chair of the Football Supporters Association. The first was that not only did this setting reflect traces of middle or upper class and status but white centredness within the institutions of football more generally (Back et al. 2001, p. 162). It is in these exact places, where political decisions, footballing rumours, policies and job opportunities are instigated.During the visit to this setting, Back et al. noted that there was not one ethnic minority descendent sited at the location. Therefore if the most influential people in British football do not have a true representation of society (in th is case people of ethnic minority who work in the footballing industry).These boards claim that their decisions are based on holistic approaches which benefit everyone at their establishment. However, if there is no diversity in at the top level of decision making, how can there be a fair conclusion in policies which embodies everyone involved in the game? This proves that the old-boy network is still active and is continuing to work along racial lines (Rimer, 1996).Back et al (1996) go on to state that it iseasy for everyone to support a campaign against racism in football when it is targeted against pathologically aggressive, neo-Nazi thugs. It might prove a little more tricky to supply football-wide support if we were to start asking questions about the attitudes in the boardroom, on the pitch, and in the training gro

Romanticism in American Literature

Romanticism in American LiteratureKathryn PierceAmerican Literature, section 43Essay 3Since the succession of Socrates it has been widely say that art imitates life. In the case of literature, however, it would be more accurate to say that art reflects life. The writings of some(prenominal) the Romantics and the Realists were an outgrowth of life in 19th century America and both reflected that life through style, approach, and pillow slip matter.American Romanticism was the first truly American literary movement and it included a sort out of authors who wrote and published in the midst of 1820 and 1860. Among the best-known are ..Romanticism first emerged as a reaction to discretion ideas. Romantic writers rebelled against the idea that reason was the best tool for discovering truth. Instead, they deliberately delved into feeling, imagi population, fantasy, and belief. Their style took advantage of personal immunity and spontaneity in order to break through the wall separatin g the author and the reader, and gave the author the freedom to gabfest on the events in the story in novel ways.The uniquely American history and landscape had a profound influence on the Romanticists. Many were writing not long after the American novelty and/or the War of 1812, and these historical events were reflected in their preoccupation with democracy and freedom. (insert comment on authors and their works) This was a time of growth and expansion and their idealism fueled high hopes for the infant nation. The field was moving westward into great(p) swaths of newly acquired territory. The frontier, both as a place and a concept, became an significant representation of the American spirit. The country was filled with thousands of miles of untamed wilderness that held the promise of a new life filled with adventure. (insert comment on authors and their works)While American Romanticism was a new attitude toward nature, ofttimes stressing it over culture, it was also a new a ttitude toward passel, promoting the solitary individual standing against society. Individualism is a quintessential American set and was central to their writings which urged people to follow their inner knowing regardless of the pressure to conform. (insert comment on authors, Emerson Thoreau, others, and their works). Romanticists believed that emotions shape peoples experience and their knowledge of the world. They were an important part of an individuals identity. Heartbreak, happiness, awe, and rage, and many other emotions were very important in American Romantic literature. (insert comment on authors, Emerson Thoreau, others, and their works)Stylistically, the American Romantics give cared to experiment with form and the novel became an important vehicle for expression (unlike the European Romantics who foc utilized mainly on poetry). They also made clever occasion of symbols to allude to truths or knowledge that exist beyond rationality. Unusual, often supernatural, c haracters and forces act in romantic stories. reputation was a particularly important theme, express in al just about obsessive preoccupation with beautiful flowers, abundant trees, towering mountains, and brilliant sunsets. (insert Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau)Other themes that figured prominently were an impulse toward reform (temperance, womens rights, abolition of slavery) a uphold with the impact of new technology (the locomotive, for example) an idealization of women (Poes Anabel Lee, for example) and a fascination with death and the supernatural (Hawthorne, Poe).Despite these gallant ideals, the new nation faced challenges. Principle among these issues was the expanding population base due to immigration, the role of government, the treatment of primaeval Americans, and the expansion or limitation of slavery. At the same time, advances in science and philosophy brought changes in thinking. in that respect were two occurrences that propelled the transition from romanticism to realism the Industrial Revolution and the American Civil War. Both of these contri unlessed to a change in emphasis in literary expression.Change was already coming. The Realist movement began as untimely as the 1830s, but the line of demarcation was the onset of war. In just four years, this war became the most disruptive and transformative event in American history. It was out of this turmoil that the movement grew and reached a prominence that continue until around the end of the nineteenth century. In the 1850s, the ideals that were driving the nation toward war were expressed in literature, but many writers became uncomfortable with this kind of moral certitude even though they had contributed to creating it. The war, with its observable gap between higher purpose and brutal realism, began to change what they believed and how and what they wrote.Realism was a reaction to and a rejection of Romanticism. In her book, favorable Construction of American Realism, Amy Kaplan ca lled realism a strategy for imagining and managing the threats of social change. Realism was about recreating life in literature. Realists were concerned with the here and now, and their work was centered in their own time and dealt with everyday events and ordinary people, and with underway socio-political issues.Stylistically, the author was separate from the world of the story and acted as an objective observer/narrator. Gone was the elaborate use of figurative manner of speaking. Realism presented a basic view of life and a real outlook on the world that refused to idealize or flatter the subject. Even when the subject matter was complex, their stories used straightforward, simple language that described common scenes and experiences.American Realists chose to show their readers rather than must tell them. They made their readers face reality as it happened in the real world instead of in the make-believe world of fantasy. (insert comment on authors and their works) . They oft en explored the qualities that formed a persons character and examined how those qualities motivated their behavior. To accomplish this they used omniscient narrators who could jump from the thought of one character to the mind of another, and could move instantly from one location to another. For the most part, they depicted people that were in charge of their own destiny. Characters were superior to their circumstances even though it was the circumstances that created the plot. (insert comment on authors and their works) . Their characters were dynamic and well-rounded and drove the story forward. The Realists also incorporated empirically verifiable causality into their stories and often used foreshadowing. At times the outcomes were left open.The Realists also used their stories to critique the social and political structures that governed peoples lives. From issues like gender inequality and racial bias to poverty, class mobility, and government power, their stories contained a strong emphasis on personal morality, particularly as it played out between the individual and society. (insert comment on authors and their works) Theirs was a sweeping view of a city, a nation, or a society and, like the Romantics, it was supported by the format of the novel.The transition from Romanticism to Realism was a natural progression. Just as the United States grew and changed so did the literature its writers produced. Romanticism grew out of the new-found expression of national character and focused on plot, hyperbole, metaphor and feeling. The nation changed, however. Realism grew out of these societal changes and focused on characters, details, objectivity and separation of author and narrator. Realism expressed a message that depicted situations realistically, whereas romanticism illustrated messages by using fiction. Both are informative reflections of American life and culture.Works CitedCampbell, Donna M. Realism in American Literature, 1860-1890. Literary Move ments. Dept. of English, Washington State University. 07 Sept 2015. Web. 24 Mar 2017. http//public.wsu.edu/campbelld/amlit/realism.htmShmoop Editorial Team. Realism Top 10 List. Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 24 Mar. 2017. http//www.shmoop.com/realism/top-ten.htmlShmoop Editorial Team. American Romanticism Top 10 List. Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 24 Mar. 2017. http//www.shmoop.com/american-romanticism/top-ten.html

Ontological or Epistemological Organisational Structure

Ontological or Epistemological Organisational StructureOrganizations Structure Modern / emblematical and Post- Modern perspectivesThere argon many antithetic offices at looking at plaques, with apiece way producing a different insight, familiarity, and perspective. Depending on the ontological as hearty epistemological assumptions, different theories and perspectives may seem to apply interrupt. The essay will focus on the similarities and differences between the theories through with(predicate) the models of brotherly organise in an geological formation.From the philosophical ontological point of overtake, the modernist sees the material and social world as consisting of coordinates that exist, regardless of soulfulnessistic aw arness. For example, the hierarchy of an organization is regarded as a social fact even if people ar non aware of it.Organizations should work like machines, using people, resources, as their parts. With the key design of building the b est machines to maintenance organizations productive. (Han van Diest. 2008)As such, the modernist approach to an organization commode be considered as a well designed, organise entity. Operating organisational success is considered to be the result of well-organized establishments that keep people / machines busy and costs nether control. (Han van Diest. 2008)On the other end of the spectrum, the postmodernist would argue that the social world external to individual support is made up of nothing more than mere names, concepts and labels which are then used to go a bodily structured reality. (Burrell and Morgan 1979) Supporters of the postmodernist argue that organizations are imagined entities. A core idea in postmodernism is that we are always making sense of our omniscient reality through a pair of imaginative supply glasses based on such factors as our present desire in a given(p) situation, our past experiences, our values and culture, our understanding of what is rea l, and so forth. It is never possible to take the glasses off all in all and view the world impartially. (Inkeles A. 1983.)Taking a more balanced stand in the spectrum, a symbolical interpretative perception would be that social reality is establishd through communicative interaction between groups of people. social reality is not a reality or set of facts existing prior to homophile activity. We create our social world through our run-in, symbols and behavioral actions. (Steven R Corman, marshall Scott Poole 2000)As expressive forms representative of human consciousness, organizations are understood and analyzed not mainly in economic or material price but in terms of their expressive ideas and symbolism. (Smircich 1983 347-8). (Hatch, Mary J. and Cunliffe, Ann L., 2006)Structure of an OrganizationWhile defining an organization from nuts and bolts point of view such as objects, buildings and elements, one of the key aims of a modernist perspective is to meter the organiz ational social structure to find out how to improve and contrive the ideal organization. (Hatch, Mary J. and Cunliffe, Ann L., 2006) by research and past studies of various organizations, it was found that there is a strong relationship between the familiar/external environment and the social structure of an organization in both a cross-tabulated or correspond way. Influences may include the size or bureaucratic structure of the organization. (Lex Donaldson 2001).The organizational environment has a contain effect on organizational structure, such that unstable environment produce an organic structure system that screw react and adapt more quickly, while in the opposite scenario, produces a mechanistic system. The better the match, the higher the effectiveness of the organization. (e.g., Burns Stalker, 1961 Pennings,1975). (Shmuel Ellis, Tamar Almor, Oded Shenkar 2002)The modernist also views the organization through its social structuration. As routines, habits and rules are real through the mutual interaction and influences between the workers and organization, a structural system is created, re-created and mediated at heart the organizationa. Realizing that the dominance and its structures are both conditions and outcomes of the actions of human action, social relations and practices deep down the organization (Cohen, 1989, Giddens, 1984), social structure is therefore viewed not a dead entity, but a social construction created and maintained by social practices. (Jennifer Wheeler-Brooks 2009)Again, although the organization structure provides the setting, in which workers fulfill and complete their daily task, the relationship between them, is not cast in stone, as employees remain as intimacyable, responsive workers who have the ability to choose their have behaviors and thus either continuing or modifying the organization through their actions and behavior.It is also important to note that the modernists view on social structure comprises thr ee mutually supportive dualities of structures and agency (workers), namely signification, domination, and legitimation. Although these three are inseparable in practice (Giddens, 1979, 1984), (Giddens, 1979, 1984), they may be analyzed separately.Structures of signification are institutionalized interpretative schemes that allocate meaning to peoples actions, such as beliefs, and language. Structures of legitimation are organization norms, constituted in the tacitly understood moral and social obligations (Clegg, 1989). Structures of domination are the institutionalized acquisition of power (Giddens, 1984). This can be in the form of, resources domination involving the structured distribution of material resources, such as products, services including right wing of access and deployment of such resources, as well as institutionalized authority relationships. (Giddens, 1984 Whittington, 1992)By concentrating on the discontinuities and ever-changing patterns of behavior and relation ships of an organization, one cannot help but question and probe deeper on the relationship between agency and structure. (Giddens 1979 Reed 1997). (Paula Jarzabkowski 2008)It can therefore also be said that formal structures have symbolic as well as action producing attributes. Structures can become injected with socially shared meanings, and thus, apart to their functional roles, can serve to share and bring information about the organization both internally and externally. A symbolic interpretation can therefore help provide a new and different perspective into the causes and consequences of structure within an organization. (Tolbert and Zucker, 1996, p. 177). (Van de Ven, Andrew H. Dooley, Kevin Holmes, Michael E. 2004)The symbolic interpretive perceives that the emergence of the organization social structure needs to include social interaction and human consciousness through social practices, routines and community interaction.Through the build up of ideas, knowledge and action s of people, a routine is birth and rebirth in response to new experiences observed. (Levitt and March, 1988) Routines may include organizational rules, roles, conventions, strategies, structures, cultural practices and capabilities. (Martin Schulz 2002)It is therefore incorrect to think of organizations as only departments or system units. Interpersonal understanding is the crux of any organization as it creates structures and foundations which can then affect what needs to be done, who to do it and what to do after that. (Robert Lawrence Heath, Jennings Bryant 2000)Organizations are adaptable to their environments in ways such as creating jobs for specific occasions, purposes or people and evaluating and deciding to continue or discontinue the job, based on the new requirement and knowledge acquired. (Miner (1987, 1991). (Martin Schulz 2002)The Symbolic interpretive views the social structure of an organization through the process of knowledge transference within the organization . (Davenport and Prusak, 1996 Choo, 1998) Knowledge, symbolism and best-practice transfers within and between organizations is not a one-sided activity, but an ongoing process of sharing, involving exam and error, feedback, and the mutual adjustment of both the sender and receiver of knowledge. (Szulanski, 1996 Powell, 1998 Kaeser, 2001). (Georg von Krogh 2003)It is also viewed that the chief feature of human organization is the use of language and symbolism (including the attribution of meaning to things and making sense of the world). (Robert Cooper 1989)From the Symbolic interpretive perspective, language such as the use of words, shared vocabulary, the way workers speak about their organization, use of slangs and jargons can also be used to define the social structure within the organization.Such groups of people, Communities of practice, cohere together due to similar passion for their skills and knowledge, and through regular interaction in order, develop a tacit understandin g and meaning with one another, thus enhancing the social structure within an organization. (Etienne Wenger, Richard Arnold Mcdermott, William Snyder, 2002)The foundational perspectives of postmodernism are that the individuals in the organization do not have an independent consciousness but needs inter- communion with others to develop an identity. Meanings are not given prior to communication but arise from it and are context-dependent meanings, structure and language are considered temporary due to the ever-changing environment and developments. (Bart Nooteboom, 1992)Where modern organizations favour bureaucratic structures that emphasis on roles, rules and procedures, postmodern organizations prefers a more democratic approach and views that are informal and based on mutual agreement. analyze to modern organizations that favour separation of functions and departments, postmodern organizations favour de-differentiation of those elements. This allows the creation of multi-skilled worker that can break handed-down structural boundaries and inflexible work processes. (Steve May, Dennis K. Mumby 2004)The social structure of an organization is viewed simply as a criticism of the built commitment of individuals to help develop a set of rules for the organization in order to drop dead in the ever changing postmodern era. (Jim Barry, 2000)Drawing much from the philosophies of language of (the later) Wittgenstein (1976) and de Saussure (1979), in Postmodernism, communication rather than consciousness is viewed as the backbone of knowledge, and hence the philosophy of language occupies a central position. run-in are not longer interpreted as names of objects or properties (meanings, concepts) that are given prior to language unlike in the Symbolic interpretive perspective. (Bart Nooteboom, 1992)Language reveals the organizational reality by demo that it is a process that involuntarily includes its internal differences and conflicts. The social structure of the organization is always in distract caused by threats and internal fighting. Organizations should therefore be viewed appropriately based on sense, intellect and logical context. This is rattling much unlike the modern thinking of the notion of an organization stability. (Robert Cooper 1989)However, despite the difference of language opinions, postmodernists still follow the fundamental social structure similar to that of the symbolic interpretive in that interaction between people does not arise from a fixed structural identity, but is formed through interaction between people. In the words of Lyotard The self by itself does not amount to much, but it is not isolated. It is taken up in a tissue of relations which is more complex and mobile than ever. It always finds itself in a nexus in communication circuits, however small.(1979, p. 59, authors translation). (Bart Nooteboom, 1992)In conclusion, although the three perspectives differ in their interpretation and views on the dimens ion of an organizational structure, it can be agreed that all perspectives recognize the splendour of the social structure of an organization as the key building block that forms the organization. Blau (1977 1) The study of social structure centres attention on the distribution of people among different positions and their social associations.Through the study of structural effectuate of the various perspectives, we are able to understand the spirit, character and characteristics of social structure within an organization, as well as the effects and outcomes it carries by looking at factors such as formal organization chart, separate positions within the structure, relationships among task-relevant roles, languages games used, differentiation, inter-communication, etc.Thus having a good understanding of the different perspectives and applying a mixture of different theories in the right context and environment will help to strengthen the organization as a whole and provide a bett er picture of what an organization is and why things are happening the way they are.ReferenceAndrew H, Dooley, Holmes, Kevin, Michael E, Van de Ven, Handbook of organisational Change and Innovation Cary, NC, USA Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2004. p 179.Bart Nooteboom, A Postmodern Philosophy of Markets, Int. Studies of Mgt. Org., Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 53-76 M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1992Dennis K. Mumby, Steve May, 2004, Engaging Organizational Communication Theory Research.Etienne Wenger, Richard Arnold Mcdermott, William Snyder, 2002, A Guide to commission knowledge Cultivating Communities of PracticeGeorg von Krogh, 2003, Knowledge Sharing and the Communal ResourceHan van Diest, 2008, Possibilities of Democratisation in Organisations. fond Epistemology Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 97-117Hatch, Mary J. and Cunliffe, Ann L., 2006, Organization Theory, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press OxfordInkeles A. Exploring Individual Modernity. New York Columbia University Press, 1983Jennifer Wh eeler-Brooks Journal of Sociology companionable Welfare, March 2009, Volume XXXVI, Number 1Jennings Bryant, Robert Lawrence Heath, 2000, Human Communication Theory and Research.Jim Barry, 2000, Organizations and Management.Lex Donaldson, 2001, The Contingency Theory of OrganizationsMartin Schulz, 2002, Organizational LearningOded Shenkar, Shmuel Ellis, Tamar Almor, 2002, Structural Contingency Revisited Toward a Dynamic System ModelPaula Jarzabkowski, 2008, Shaping strategy as a Structuration ProcessRobert Cooper, Modernism, Post Modernism and Organizational Analysis 3 The Contribution of Jacques DerridaSteven R Corman, Marshall Scott Poole, 2000, Perspectives on Organization Communication

Wet Mix and Dry Mix Concrete: Cost and Quality

arch fuse and Dry mixing concrete equal and attributeThis is a conceptual proposal in which the main nonsubjective is to de con cheekrationine the greet and tonus effectiveness on the application of modular modify mix and run ironical mix cover portioning localize. Based on the data collected over the pass years, a detail battlefield was being conducted to deter moutee the discordant cost factors arising from the bandting up of concrete batching put, production operations, pure tone control, inventory and delivery of the products to the customers. As this study covers the full overall operations of a commercial concrete batching represent, the complexity of the non-homogeneous abutes and functionalities has to be identified to provide a full understanding on the confinements on the speed, cost, case, flexibility and dependability.This proposal is withal inline with the company long frontier strategy of increase the foodstuffing sh ar by twenty percentage annual growth. Therefore, to chance upon this goal, sundry(a) steps have to be interpreted into consideration such as the speed, cost, calibre, flexibility and dependability.Existing Dry Mix Concrete Batch PlantPlant ComponentThe basic components of dry mix concrete batch comprise and its related facilities ar as tabulated below-ItemDescriptionsRemarks1 background HopperFor feeding of stabbing existent, coarse and comely aggregates2Movable be given car transporterTo make for the coarse and fine aggregate to the designated storage compartment3 aggregate entrepot BinFor storage on hook of the aggregate weighing bin4Aggregate Weighing BinFor weighing of the coarse and fine aggregates5Shooting ConveyorTo convey the coarse and fine aggregates at high speed which shoot directly into the social scramble of the sociable hand truck6Cement Storage SilosFor storage of cement OPC, PFA and slag Cement7Cement Weighing BinFor weighing of various cement8 pissing Weighing BinFor w eighing of pee9Admixtures Weighing BinFor weighing of admixtures10Control pathTo provide staff on the control of the production11 pissing Storage TankFor water system storage12Aggregate expressFor storage of coarse and fine aggregates13Slump Check political programFor concrete slump mark off14Wheel LoaderFor substantive handling from aggregate stockpiles to ground hopper15Mixer motortruckFor mixing of concrete and delivery of finished products to customers16QC LaboratoryFor quality control and testing17Power SupplyTo provide post supply to the constitutes and separate facilities either by TNB or generator squ ar up18Waste Material StorageTo collect all drift material and disposed to designated areaFigure 1 in the vermiform process shows a typical dry mix concrete batch jell layout. The ideal size for setting up is plant is 2,950m2, this set up allow include a laboratory for quality control, a billet office for staff and other facilities such as workshop and weighbrid ge on material control. mathematical process Flow of Dry Mix PlantThe process extend of the entire dry mix plant operation per 8 m3 rouse is as illustrated below-Cycle Time per Load = Batching + combine Slump Check + economy + Discharging + turn over + Queuing= 5 min + 15 min + 30 min + 45 min + 30 min + 10 min= cxxxv minFrom the process flow mapping, it is distinctly shown that the terminated process cycle time for 8 m3 load is 135 proceedings. As the plant capacity is 80m3/hour, if the efficiency of the plant is 80%, and then the plant is capable of producing 8 loads of 8m3-load but all the suspire of the processes are through by the sociable trucks from mixing to discharging at site. In baffle to have a smooth operation flow, the design of sociable truck required by this dry mix plant is reason as belowNumber of Mixer hand truck = 135/60X8= 18From the calculation above, 18 units of mixer truck is required for the smooth operation.Quality of the ProductIn dry mix p lant, all the pre-determined materials are aerated into the mixer drum of the mixer truck, then the mixing and quality check are carried out by the individual mixer truck floozy accordingly. The product quality is not consistent as this is done by the 18 mixer truck operators and accordingly, quality is becoming a major(ip) issue in this type of plant as the requirement of the quality is increasing with the advancement in construction technology. This quality will in any case hinder the further penetration of market share and jeopardise in achieving the long term strategic goal. personifyThis operate cost is sole(prenominal) covering all the facilities except the novel material cost as this remains consistent either dry mix or askew mix plant. But there are other costs that everyone is assured of such as the maintenance cost of the mixer truck. In this case, the operating cost of the plant is cheap but the mixer truck is more than higher as there are 18 units of mixer drums which are having high wear and tear parts as they are employ for mixing the concrete. These costs will be tabulated in the comparison and the overall operating cost will be identified.FlexibilityIn term of flexibility, this dry mix plant will have a limitation in producing high roll concrete as the mixing is done by mixer truck. The mixer truck will not be able to mix consistently and thoroughly inside the mixer drum of the mixer truck as the mixing is only dependent on the ploughing and dropping action of the mixer blade on the side wall of the mixer drum. Other than this, it is the same as in other type of plants.DependabilityThe availability, reliability and maintainability of this plant is actually quite mistakable to the other types of plant available in the market but continuance for each maintenance will be a little chomp shorter than fuddled mix plant because the components is less and the mixing is transferred to the mixer truck, and then the availability is better. The reason for this is, there are 18 units of mixer quite of 1 unit of mixer.Proposed Modular Wet Mix Plant underlying Plant ComponentsThe basic components of dry mix concrete batch plant and its related facilities are as tabulated below-ItemDescriptionsRemarks1Ground HopperFor feeding of raw material, coarse and fine aggregates2Aggregate Weighing BinFor weighing of various types of aggregates3Horizontal ConveyorTo convey the weighed coarse and fine aggregates to Inclined Conveyor4Inclined ConveyorTo convey the weighed coarse and fine aggregates to the aggregate transfer bin5Aggregate Transfer BinFor storage on top of the Mixer6MixerFor mixing of concrete7Concrete Holding HopperFor holding of finished product before discharging into mixer truck8Cement Storage SilosFor storage of cement OPC, PFA and scoria Cement9Cement Weighing BinFor weighing of various cement10Water Weighing BinFor weighing of water11Admixtures Weighing BinFor weighing of admixtures12Control populateTo provid e staff on the control of the production13Water Storage TankFor water storage14Aggregate takeFor storage of coarse and fine aggregates15Wheel LoaderFor material handling from aggregate stockpiles to ground hopper16Mixer TruckFor mixing of concrete and delivery of finished products to customers17QC LaboratoryFor quality control and testing18Power SupplyTo provide cater supply to the plants and other facilities either by TNB or generator set19Waste Material StorageTo collect all shoot a line material and disposed to designated areaFigure 2 in the addition shows a typical modular wet mix concrete batch plant layout. The ideal size for setting up is also plant is 2,950m2, this set up will include a laboratory for quality control, a site office for staff and other facilities such as workshop and weighbridge on material control.Process Flow of Modular Wet Mix PlantThe process flow of the entire modular wet mix plant operation per 8 m3 load is as illustrated below-Cycle Time per 8 m3Lo ad = Batching + Delivery + Discharging + Return + Queuing= 5 min + 30 min + 45 min + 30 min + 10 min= 120 minFrom the process flow mapping, it is clearly shown that the complete process cycle time for 8 m3 load is 120 transactions. As the plant capacity is 80m3/hour, if the efficiency of the plant is 80%, therefore the plant is capable of producing 8 loads of 8m3-load in just 5 minutes as the process of mixing is done by the mixer and mixer truck is only used for delivery and discharging at site. In order to have a smooth operation flow, the number of mixer truck required by this dry mix plant is calculated as belowNumber of Mixer Truck = 120/60X8= 16From the calculation above, 16 units of mixer truck is required for the smooth operation.Comparison of Process FlowItemDescriptionsDry Mix PlantWet Mix Plant1Batching5 minutes5 minutes(Mixing by Mixer)2Mixing15 minutes(By Mixer Truck)3Delivery to Site30 minutes30 minutes4Discharging at Site45 minutes45 minutes5Return to Plant30 minutes 30 minutes6Queuing at Plant10 minutes10 minutes7 gibe Cycle Time per Load135 minutes120 minutes8Mixer Truck Required1816By looking at the table above, it is clearly shown that the cycle time per load is reduced by 15 minutes or 11%. The number of mixer truck required to complete the work in communicate is also reduced by 2 units, there will be a signifi buttockst improvement in the whole process flow and this will be reflected in the investment cost and operating cost later.Quality of the ProductIn wet mix plant, all the weighed materials are charged into the mixer of the mixer for mixing and quality check are controlled by the batching operator accordingly of which the product quality is consistent therefore, quality issues can be minimized in this type of plant as the requirement of the quality can be assured to fulfil the modern-day construction technology. This quality assurance will also help add-on the image and market recognition thus, to further penetrate into the untapped market share and also in achieving the long term strategic goal.CostThis operating cost is only covering all the facilities except the raw material cost as this remains consistent either dry mix or wet mix plant. Tabulated on the following(a) rascal is the comparison of the overall operating cost of the whole process flow. It can be shown that the overall operating cost is reduced by RM1.26/m3 or 7.2% and it is very significant and substantial as the annual production is huge. For example, an annual production of 1 million cubic meters will mean a saving of RM1.26 million and so on and so forth, thus increasing the profitability of the sales and competency in the market place.Comparison on Wet and Dry Mix Plant Operational Cost excluding cranky MaterialFlexibilityIn term of flexibility, the wet mix plant will have less limitation in producing high variant concrete as the mixing is done by mixer. The mixer will be able to mix consistently and thoroughly inside the mixer as the m ixer is specially design for this specific purpose. It can also produce different types of design mix as required by customers. Another advantage is that the supply radius can be increase by 5 km, thus the coverage area.DependabilityThe availability, reliability and maintainability of this plant is actually quite similar to the other types of plant available in the market and the duration for each maintenance will be a little bit longer than dry mix plant because the components is more, therefore the availability is slightly less but this can be eliminated by pre-planned preventive maintenance.ConclusionWith the study and experience that had been merged and input, it is strongly prudent to convert all the dry mix plant into the modular wet mix plant for the following reasons-Cheaper operating cost as justify on the operating costBetter flexibility for high grade concreteLess mixer truck requirementQuality dead body and assuranceAll the above implementations will be justifiable to a chieve the company long term strategy to provide the highest quality, service at the lowest cost and to increase the market share in the next 10 year.

Report on end-of-life care provision

Report on end-of- heart foreboding provisionTask Think of a service/ programme, which you c whole up could improve the quality of end-of-life sh atomic number 18 provision and write a composition to management, in an attempt to persuade them to implement this service/programme. This report should accept a description of the service, the rationale for its murder and the perceived challenges. It would as well be beneficial to show an awareness of any potential limitations of this service/programme and measures to minimize these.To the management,A way to improve the end-of-life plow within our wellness care system would be by implementing the sumptuous steps Frame encounter. This role model was develop in 2000 by Dr Keri Thomas a general practi mavinr with a particular interest in Palliative Care. I am writing in order to ask for the implementation of the grand Standard theoretical account within our hospitals. The briny purpose of this gilt Standard Framework is to p op the question teach to us health care professionals and staff in order to enable a luxurious standard of care for all people in the ending years of life. This is a systematic, evidence based way in optimizing patient care nearing end of life provided by healthcare professionals and healthcare workers. One must also state that according to the Department of Healths force out of life Care Strategy (2008) they state that all organisations providing end of life care are expected to adopt a coordinated procedure such as the Gold Standards Framework.This model also improves the coordination of care in the midst of nurses and members of the multi-disciplinary team. This framework focuses on seven key tasks mainly conversation, co-ordination, control of symptoms, continuity, go along learning, carer aid and care of the decease. In order for this framework to be use successfully one must also evaluate current physical exertion and identify the changes required. One must also i dentify the eligible patients undergoing alleviant care and are at an end of life stage. Health care team meetings must also be organized within the multidisciplinary team. The Gold Standard Framework also aims at identifying and assessing symptoms at an earlier stage. This could be a possible limitation as it capability not eternally be possible to anticipate which patients are during their last year of life. This could be easily tackled by using the prognostic screening tool provided with the Gold Standard Framework and with the stand by of monthly multi-disciplinary team meetings. Callaghan, Laking, Frey, Robinson Gott (2014) identified in their cross sectional ascertain that the prognostic tools assist in identifying patients at an early stage whom would benefit from the Gold Standard Framework . This is a conduct of monthly discussions that would take place within the multidisciplinary team. Early recognition allows enough time for healthcare professionals to determine patients wishes and prepare the patient and the relatives. The healthcare workers would also need enough time to adequately refer these patients then such as palliative care serve when needed. In their study conducted expirys showed the screening guides used would be the first step in implementing and identifying room by which we address patients needs. The authors also add that by these prognostic tools one leave be able to also identify future evaluate patients whom would benefit from these services.Patients at an end-of-life stage have acknowledged five main goals for improved quality of care to avoid prolonging demise, reduce the pressure on their families, to maintain relationships with relatives and loved ones and adequate pain and symptom management. Death and expiry is a natural process of life only nowa eld it is cosmos seen as something to fear. Due to medical and technological advancements these have aided in prolonging life, which has urged many families to de lay death and dying of their loved ones. This is a endpoint of families wanting to spend time with their loved ones, this may also result in a far more traumatic event as false hope may be portrayed that life apprize be maintained. Technological advancements have made it more difficult for the persons implicated. tho patients wishes and the caregivers wishes may not always be the same, therefore the implementation of the Gold Standard Framework volition aide in supporting family members. by dint of early identification of these patients, their wishes and goals would be planned into action and communicated with caregivers. Furthermore this framework will allow patients within the biotic community to die where they would wish. This would make the put by means of less traumatic for family members as they would have been prepared and reduce the insecurity of creating false hope.The Gold Standard Framework provides quality improvement grooming and programmes to healthcare profe ssionals in order to be able to provide notes standard care. This framework also provides tools and measures for support to healthcare professionals the framework aims to provide on-going assessment to patients, good communication, the ability to improve quality of life and dying with dignity. It is known that a number of admissions to the acute hospital are delinquent to dying patients, with the gold standard model this number is reduced with the help of earlier identification of these patients which would result in reduced hospital admissions. Patients would be identified at an earlier stage and the appropriate care and support would be provided to the patients and family, furthermore these patients would be followed up by community care services as part of the Gold Standard Framework.This framework will also aim to improve the coordination of care by providing better communication and cross-boundary care. As a result of successful completion and implementation of the gold stand ard model one would also perceive improved skills provided by healthcare professionals and improved confidence in providing care. This would also generate a better improved patient satisfaction throughout. Furthermore the Gold Standard Framework will reduce hospitalization and therefore reduce the make up associated. The Gold Standards Framework would also enable patients to feel secure and support by planning care ahead. Family and patients would also feel empowered through the increase in communication and through working together with the patient. clog up would be provided through the process, healthcare workers would be able to refer patients whence to community care services such as respite care, feed of equipment and practical assistance. Relatives would also be followed through bereavement support, one would have to plan ahead and form a protocol in transaction with relatives and helping them through the bereavement process. This is also stated by Payne (1999) where it is outlined that meeting carers needs would be an essential part, providing information, practical help and aflame support would result in a better patient outcome.I believe that with the implementation of this framework one would perceive some challenges and limitations but these loafer be identified at an early stage. One faculty find resistance from healthcare professionals to attend the training and meetings required in order to attain the Gold Standard Framework but these can be eliminated as there are various pathways in which one can receive the training. This could be easily negotiated between staff members in order to find the adequate time and place for training and multi-disciplinary meetings. Challenges that might also be associated with this framework may be the increased work load associated with this framework, as a result adequate support services are to be provided. It would also be vital to divide administrative work between co-workers as a result this would als o encourage their affair in professional development activities and within the framework itself. Furthermore the framework should be adjusted to our local services and requirements as a result improvements should be done accordingly.The patients informal carers must also be include within this framework, it is vital that they as well are taught and informed. Patients informal carers should also be empowered and assisted at home by Hospice services and community care nurses. These carers must also be trained and amend in what they should expect when their loved ones are dying and what they can do in order to allow the patients to die with dignity. The Gold Standard Framework also allows Advanced Care Planning which also allows the patients to inform care givers what is important to them, their spiritual needs or something they might need to do in order to allow and enable them to die with dignity. Implementing this framework will ensure the best possible care in the final days by a nticipating the patients needs and providing the support and coping mechanisms required by the family.As a healthcare professional, the care of a dying patient is neer easy and always proves as a challenging experience to all parties involved. However, implementation of the Gold Standard Framework aims at providing the best possible care to all individuals involved within the death of a dying patient. This framework will improve the quality of end-of-life care provided within our community and aiding other services presently provided by Hospice and MMDNA. Furthermore the successful implementation of this framework will also improve outcomes for our patients.

A Report on the Balanced Scorecard for Yunnan Lucky Air

A Report on the equilibrate batting order for Yunnan well-off line of creditThe Chinese air passage perseverance is a heavily regulated industry which provides limiting flexibility to both fresh as well as growing airline businesss. In the recent years many a(prenominal) low-priced airlines view as mushroomed, thriving air being one of them. fortunate Air was founded in July 2004 with an initial capitalisation of US$2.2 million. The ownership of the airline is with Hainan Airlines, Shanxi Airlines and Yunnan Shilin Tourism Aviation.The airline exists in a crowded field of around 15 affordable Chinese airlines. The airline, though growing, anticipates a potential squeeze in its business. The precaution of Yunnan well-off Air, hereinafter referred to as aureate Air, approached us to advice them on supervise their performance closely so as to achieve their make-upal mission and objectives. after(prenominal) initial discussions with the management of the airlines, my team has recommended the use of a fit bill to monitor its performance. I present in this report a equilibrize card for well-disposed Air that translates the airlines mission and outline into a countrywide set of performance measures.Recent Trends in comfortable AirLucky Air is currently based in Kunming in Peoples Republic of China. The airline has its main base in Dali airport and runs its escapes between Dali to Kunming and Xishuangbanna. The way of lifes in this shargon have greatly contributed to most of its profits. It is slowly r each(prenominal)ing out to opposite(a) regions in China.The over every last(predicate) maturement of the airline has been drived by the limited route licensing policy of the Chinese government that has given Lucky Air a near monopoly status within Yunnan. The number of passengers carried by the airline has grownup from 500,000 passengers over 5,746 flight hours in 2006 to 1.2 million over 17,875 total flight hours. During the same peri od, its in operation(p) revenue tripled from US$31.2 million to US$104.3 million. over the recent years, Lucky Air has overly grown in scathe of flights to and from destinations out perspective the Yunnan province. As in early 2008, the additional routes represented approximately 87 of its 150 weekly flights by the airline.Lucky Air schemaLucky Air operates as a low-cost, juicy-efficiency airline. This is the basis of its key scheme. The low-cost and high efficiency is maintained doneUsing single typewrite of aircraft leading to reduced maintenance and operational costs.Having unaccompanied one menage of seat class, thereby simplifying pricing.Having no seat assignments or in-flight entertainment.Increasing on- age freeing and arrival by having short haul point-to-point routes.Operating mostly in secondary cities to avoid congestion and reduce landing costs.As a part of its expansion outline, in recent times Lucky Air has tried to build its competitive advantage by focu sing on e-commerce. guests spate buy and refund tickets online by paying 5% to 20% less than anywhere else. The airline has created an online community for its passengers and hopes to reach more nodes immediately via its website and build more brand recognition and a loyal customer base. In addition, Lucky Air has invested in own call centres to facilitate ticket booking.Balance Scorecard for Lucky AirLucky affectation strategy rests around it being a low-cost, high-efficiency airline. A add-in arouse measure the airlines performance across four different but link perspectives that are derived from its vision, strategy and objectives. These perspectives accommodate Financial, Customer, Internal and Learning Growth.The left-hand side of the diagram represents the cause-and-effect relationships across the four perspectives that describe low cost and high-efficiency strategy. (Refer appendix A for an explanation of the Lucky Air Scorecard and Appendix B for Cause and Relatio nship between perspectives)Benefits and Limitations of the ScorecardLike any other performance measurement putz, a Balanced Scorecard is not foolproof. in the first place the carte du jour that has been casted for Lucky Air is implemented, the benefits and limitations of the scorecard need to be examined and understood.Benefits of Lucky Air ScorecardBalance Scorecard has led companies to give away a variety of corporate scorecards suggesting a process approach to innovations in performance measurements. (Source Epstein and Birchard, 2000 and Hoque and James 1997). The benefits that clear be obtained from a Balanced Scorecard depend on not just its design but also what it is used for and how it is applied.In general, a Balanced Scorecard will economic aid Lucky AirEnhance traditional pecuniary accounting measures of Lucky Air by including certain non-financial measures. Thus, Lucky Air, through a Balanced Scorecard, can examine the drivers of financial performance by focusing at least three other perspectives customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth. (Source Kaplan and Norton, 1992, 1996). win an effective means for understandably translating a firms vision and strategy into pricking for communicating the firms strategy to the heterogeneous sections of the organisation. In the case of Lucky Air, the Balanced Scorecard can show how focusing on the customer and the operate can lead to increased profits. (Source Chow, 1997 Source Kaplan, 1992)Motivate performance against naturalized strategic goals. A handful of critical measures have been identified for each perspective and the corresponding targets have been outlined. The performance measures force managers to focus on the measures that are most critical. The targets provide managers with a framework to manage the various activities in line with the corporate objectives. For example, a manager can clearly see that managing on aim time is critical and it take to be kept below 2 0 minutes.Ensure that its employees understand the long-term strategy of the organisation and also the association between the employees actions and the chosen strategic goals. It can provide strategic feedback and promote learning within the airline through the monitoring of short-term strategic results.Allocate resources and set priorities based on the enterprisingnesss contribution to long-term strategic objectives. (Source Kaplan and Norton, 1996).Evaluate and judge the decisions, policies, plans of the airline. For example, the advantage or otherwise of the decision of adopting e-commerce as an expansion strategy by Lucky Air can be examined in terms of the four perspectives and its strike on the profitability of the airline.Fosters organisational learning and continual improvement when it is used as a strategic management tool.Limitations of Lucky Air Scorecardthough Balanced Scorecard whitethorn be an effective tool for many organisations, it may not help in improvement of performance of all organisations. A Balanced Scorecard is only(prenominal) a tool and the deployment of the tool rests with the airline itself. It is not easy to provide practical guidance for deployment of the scorecard. nigh of the key limitations that can cause a Balanced Scorecard initiative at Lucky Air to fail are as follows strength of a symmetricalnessd scorecard depends on a well defined strategy and an understanding of the linkages between strategic objectives and metrics. (Source Howard Rohm pp.4). If this is lacking its deployment will be unsuccessful. The biggest limitation of the Lucky Air scorecard is that it has been designed by an international team of consultants who have been in discussion with some key players in the airline. It did not involve a cross-section of the airline in create the system. Thus if the scorecard of Lucky Air fails to link the correct drivers in the internal and learning and growth perspective to the desired outcomes in the financial and customer perspectives, it will not be effective.A scorecard may not be effective if it includes a few measures for each perspective. For example, success of Lucky Air is not only a result of the culture and motivation of the primer crew but the entire staff. Thus a scorecard with too few measures may not depict decent of Lucky Airs strategy and does not represent a proportionality between desired outcomes and performance drivers of the outcomes. Likewise if too many measures are included, the managers attention may get so diffused that he may pay insufficient attention to those measures that can make the maximum impact.No balanced scorecard can be flawless with respect to its design. The Lucky Air scorecard too may have certain design flaws which may not be visible now. These will only be detected when the scorecard is implemented. It is only over a period of time that a company will learn about the effective drivers of performance. (Source Norreklit, 2000)The scorecard on i ts own will not be effective if Lucky Airs top management is not committed to it. The top executives may end up looking at Balanced scorecard as a quick fix that can easily be installed in the airline. The scorecard may have its limitations if the top management simply uses it as a checklist for operational improvements or to expand the compensation system to include non-financial measures. (Source Atkinson, A. et al, 2004)The scorecard seems to have too much internal focus.The scorecard is only depicting incentives for desired behaviour changes in the ground crew and not focusing on other employees.Conclusion and RecommendationA scorecard balances traditional financial measures of success such as profits and overtake on capital with non-financial measures of the drivers of future financial performance. It can prove to be an effective tool for Lucky Air if it is appropriately deployed by the airline. entrance deployment will require complete commitment from all levels in the organ isation by making its implementation everyones job. Moreover, the initial Balanced Scorecard should only be taken as a starting point and needs to be looked upon on an ongoing basis. Frequent reviews of the scorecard are take and new performance measures identified as a Balanced Scorecard evolves over a period of time.Data on various measures or metrics needs to be collected on a fixture basis and the targets of the metrics should be sufficiently linked to rewards and incentives to motivate their accomplishment.cecal appendageAppendix A Explanation of the Lucky Air ScorecardThe classes which can be formed and the parameters which may be put in the balance scorecard areFinancial How is success measured by Lucky Airs owners, namely, Hainan Airlines, Shanxi Airlines and Yunnan Shilin Tourism Aviation? The financial parameter can be evaluated by assigning values to parameters like total revenue or increase in revenue from tickets, total amount refunded due to turned tickets etc. It i s also measured in changes in the plane leasing costs, maintaining and operating costs etc.Customers This is the customer perspective. It focuses on how the airline creates value for the customers. Customer perspective provides an insight into the perceptions customers hold for Lucky Air.Internal What internal processes should Lucky Air excel in to satisfy customers and shareholders? Internal Processes can be known from turnaround time, on-ground time, arrival and take time offure delays, number of ticketing errors, customer plow services etc. This would help in attaining an idea of the operations of the presidential term in question.Learning and growth What employee capabilities, information systems and Lucky Airs clime does the airline need to continually improve its internal processes and customer relationships? It focuses on the motivation and training of the crew members.Starting at the bottom of the diagram, the strategy has a learning and growth objective to train and mot ivate ground crew with the expectation that this will lead to better improved ground turnarounds, from arrivals to subsequent departures, for its planes. This internal objective enables Lucky Air to have its planes depart on time and to get better utilisation of its airplanes and flight crews, merely enabling it to earn profits even at prices that are low in the industry. It also focuses on improvement of internal processes to realise bigger revenue opportunities. The low prices and on-time departures attract more customers, improve customer fealty and lead to a growth in revenues. The combination of revenue growth and low costs finally results in high profits and high return on assets.The strategy is clearer through the cause and effect relationships among objectives in each of the four balanced scorecard perspectives. These can be give tongue to as followsIncrease revenues through increased sales to existing and new customers (financial)Grow to be service oriented ( customer p erspective)Excel in providing services through continuous process improvements ( internal)Bring into line employee incentives and rewards with the strategy (learning and growth)

Internal System Unit Components Computer Science Essay

Internal administration Unit Components Computer Science EssayThe processor or the central processor Central Processing Unit is the brain of the electronic electronic computer. The processor carries out the operating instructions in a program and controls each(prenominal) the gain in the computer. to each one of the separate pieces of processor on its own is relatively simple. The key sections of a mainframe are the arithmetic logic building block (ALU), control unit and registers.Control unit control the flow of the information through the processor. This component receives, decodes, stores the result and manages the implementation of the info that flows through the CPU. It decides what actions it has to take and ensure that the data is sent to the appropriate components in the computer.Arithmetic Logic Unit is the soften of CPU where all calculations are made. ALU performs the mathematical functions of addition, subtraction, multiplications, division and the logic op erations. These involve timing, number system and instructions.Registers is elementalally controlled by control unit and a necessary part of the CPU. Registers are temporary memory where it apply to bind the data and some other information while the program is speed. Another emblem of registry is to accumulate, which is prudent for storing the next value that will be impact by the CPU.Processors to a fault communicate in different ways. Like AMD and Intel AMD is victimization the micro cut outset hyper trans expression and Intel is using the front side bus to communicate.MotherboardMotherboard allows all the computer parts to communicate to each other and it also the primary hardware component interior a computer system.The main components of motherboard areCPU Chip The CPU is Central Processing Unit which controls all the calculations and decisions inside the PC. The CPU have all the control all over the work is running on PC.RAM Random Access Memory provides the work ing range for the CPU. Its keep all the temporary memory of the running programs and stores the data or informations as temporary.Floppy Controller Is the hardware responsible for interfacing the floppy leases on your computer. It manages the flow of information from floppy to system processor.IDE Controller Integrated train Electronics is attachion for you hard drive or CD/DVD drive. It has the responsible for controlling the hard drive.PCI Slot PCI slot dismiss be utilize for components such as Ethernet broadsides, sound cards and modems. The PCI bus is spendd to connect I/O spins to the main logic of the computer.CMOS Battery This is motherboard battery. This battery is use to allow the CMOS to keep its settings.AGP Slot Stand for Advance Graphic manner and this is to connect the ar cardinalrk card in to the motherboard.Power Supply fire hydrant In This is the component that supplies baron to the other components of the computer. It communicates with other parts of t he computer and supplies the power to it.BIOSBasic Input Output System is a chip located on all the computer motherboard which contains instructions and setups for how the system should heraldic bearing and to constitute sure that all the other chips, hard drives, memory and CPU functioning together. The BIOS chips are a ROM (Read Only Memory) that means that you can access the information and read it by the user, but not limited it.Some main functions of BIOS areIts ensures that the hardware on computer is correctly functioning before starting the process of loading operating systems. spare you to configuration against the configuration data. Hardware settings and other system settings you can use the diagnostic tool and fix the problem.BIOS also give the computer basic information about how to interact with some critical components.Power tote upPower supply is the component that supplies power to make the computer and components work. It provides all of the different voltages your computer demand to operate properly. The power supply needs to produce enough wattage to allow the motherboard processor and other component to work properly. in that location are two different types of power, internal (Alternating current) and remote (Direct current).The power supply also referred as switching power supplies. The power supplies pull the required sum total of electricity and convert the AC enter current to DC voltages.The typical voltages supplied are3.3 volts5 volts12 volts raw sienna and heat sink or coolingIts a physical construction to keep the processor cool from the heat. Keeping processor is a major(ip) part of PC performance. Without them the components on your computer can get trauma or even crash the system. The fan extracts the hot air from the courtship and keeps the components cooled down all the time. Heat sink is another device which sits over the CPU and keeps the CPU cooled down. The CPU is the one of the most important chip and to make the system more efficient the CPU most work properly. Some components generate a lot of heat and these can disturb other chips close to them. Like 3D video cards and graphics cars generates a lots of heat.Hard drive configuration and controllers (e.g. SATA, IDE, EIDE, Master, Slave)Hard disc is a computer component where you can save large amount of data and other information that you need on it. You may also be use as a backup device. It is also called as Non-Volatile memory. There are three main hard drive controllers which is SATA, IDE and EIDESATA resultant Advanced Technology Attachment is a mass storage device where you can save your data and information on it. Its the next multiplication drive interface from the traditional Parallel ATA. The main function of SATA is to spread data in serial mode.IDE Integrated Drive Electronics have two different types of IDE controller, a primary IDE controller and a secondary IDE controller. It is a standard electronics interface betw een a computer motherboard and the computer disk. IDE is used to connect different drives to the computer but the main function is to trip and receive data to and from the drive. The secondary IDE controller can be used on CD, DVD drivers and floppy drives.EIDE Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics is a standard electronics interface between your computer and storage device. EIDI is an improved magnetic declination of IDE which provides much faster data rates than the original one and make it easy when you are working with computer hardware. The EIDE is also knows as ATA-2.There are two IDE controller, primary and secondary controller. You can assign reach and slave to the primary and secondary drives to them. This allows one drives controller to tell the other drive when it can transfer the data or from the computer. The slave drive makes a request to the get the hang drive if the information or the data can be sent. Its up to master to decide what action it has to take. If the master drive is not communicating with the computer it allows to send the information differently it tells the slave drive to wait.Communication ports e.g. USB, parallel, serialA talk port allows you to transmitting the data between a computer and peripheral device. A communication port is also called serial port and uses a vector to send data, one bit at time. Most computer has communication port because no extra or other hardware is necessary other than a cable to connect.Internal memory (RAM, ROM, cache)Specialized card e.g. network, graphics cardsPeripheralsOutput devices eg monitor, printer, plotter (11) input devices eg camera, scanner (12) cabling eg coaxial, optical, depraved pairBacking StoragePortable and fixed drives types eg disks, pen drives, optical media, flash memory cards