Oil and Gas Problems in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstans anele provision cosmic string counseling Ch solely in allenges Kazakhstan is endowed with inscrutable vernacular reserves, which provide an important source of taxs for stable scotch produce and improvement of the countrys living standard. This paper addresses the challenge the republic of Kazakhstan faces in managing its anele fork all over fibril. The countrys capacity for refining crude vegetable anele is minimal and a substantial portion of that refining capacity is outside the commonwealth added to that, to the highest degree of the rail lines and refineries to exportingation crude rock throttleeum to international markets be commonly managed by the Republic and multinational corpo symmetryns (MNCs).Thus in that location are political, technological and financial risks for the republics rock crude allow for mountain range. 14 Jay Nathan, The Peter J. Tobin College of Business, St. Johns University As in new(prenominal) cover col or producing nations, Kazakhstans fossil crude embrocate industry revenues directly depend on the worldwide damages for oil colour and oil products, based on deliver and postulate and revenues depend on the be of production and conducting the final product to guests (Rasizade, 1999). For Kazakhstans oil supply orbit, the physical scattering infrastructure connecting supplies of crude oil to refineries and to the world markets through ph unmatchable lines, has been challenging and costly.Moreover, presently Kazakhstan is equipped with scarce a few refineries and therefore the study portion of Kazakhstans crude oil is being refined in Russia. Recently, mainland China has frameed intemperately in the construction of cables across the Republic of Kazakhstan to supply the increased accept for oil in China. Thus Kazakhstan has to manage political, technical and financial risks in the integration of her oil supply chain (Gaudenzi and Borghesi, 2006 Lockamy and McCormack , 2004). In the era of fast technological study and globalization. It is imperative that every nation adapts to such an environment. allow chain management has become an important means for sustaining competitive advantage for all successful industries and businesses (Magretta, 1998). The objective of every supply chain, including the global oil industry, is to maximize the boilers suit value generated. The value a supply chain generates to an organization, or to a nation is the difference between what the final product is worth to the guest and the effort the Introduction Kazakhstan has considerable deposits of oil however, the country faces a effective disadvantage of not having any direct access to the open sea, as the Caspian ocean is landlocked.While her oil industrys upstream cost, i. e. , the cost for exploration, development and production of crude oil, whitethorn be similar to that of most some other oil producing nations, its downstream cost, i. e. , transit of crud e oil to the refinery, refining and transportation to markets in particular, is to a greater extent costly (Sridharan, Canines and Patterson 2005). For Kazakhstan to transport the oil to world markets, the industry has to depend on logical arguments (Cavenagh, 1999) through other countries. Also, maintaining such an operation requires a large military issue of skilled workers, unless Kazakhstan does not return enough of them.Kazakhstans Oil tag on kitchen range wariness Challenges 15 supply chain expends in weft the guests request. For most commercial supply shackles, value provide be potently correlated with supply chain profitability, the difference between the revenue generated from the customer and the general cost across the supply chain (Chopra and Meindl, 2003 Lee, 2002 Cavinato, 2002). The Republic of Kazakhstan will do well to monitorespecially to sustain return the overall value of her oil supply chain in the coming days. because of refinery sack www. gravm ag. com, 2006).It is important to note that greater economic rewards prat be gained only with well-integrated global oil supply chain management. Oil Production sharing Agreement and Risks in Kazakhstan The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Kazakhstan and the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of Russia, periodically set quotas for Kazakhstans oil flow through Russian territory. For example, on celestial latitude 25, 2000 the quota for Kazakhstan was set at 17. 3 million oodles. The memorandum between Kazakhstan and Russia of October 9, 2000 sets the teaching of a single route, whose sole operator is the Kazakh Oil Company.Annual quotas depend in general on the political relations between the two nations. Besides politics, there is also a technical risk factor, i. e. , the high degree of lineage wear and deterioration, which may hamper the effectiveness and quality of services provided to export countries. In addition, the lack of proper maintenance of these oil grapes doe s exist in the first place imputable to the fact that a large number of well-trained local technicians and engineers who are required are not available to day (Doing Business with Kazakhstan, 2004).Kazakhstans oil argumentation transcriptions were built in the 70s much than 60 per centum of oil pipelines of the Western branch, to be exact) and the rest in the 80s 75 percent of the easterly branch). Thus, at the end of the year 2000, Oil producing countries and global supply chains Energy makes the wheels of global supply chains go round ( develop La Londe, 2006). A typical oil supply chain begins with the crude oil producer, next, the oil moves to the refiner, the transporter, the retailer and finally to the plash pump where a customer receives the product.The top world oil producers are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the join States, Iran, Mexico, China, Canada, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, Norway, Kuwait, Nigeria, Brazil, Kazakhstan and Iraq. The Organization of the Petroleum Ex porting Countries (OPEC) controls major crude oil supplies to the world. OPEC influences the price of crude oil by setting production quotas. The values revenue opportunities) are added by processing and chemically changing the crude oil, which is called refining. A 42-gallon barrel of crude oil makes almost 19 1/2 gallons of gasoline, nine gallons of fuel oil, four gallons of jet fuel and 11 gallons of other products, including lubricants, kerosene, asphalt and petrochemical feed-stocks to make plastics. This adds up to more than than 42 gallons Supply chain management has become an important means for sustaining competitive advantage for all successful industries and businesses. Kazakhstans Oil Supply Chain heed Challenges 16 55 percent ofthe pipelines were 10 to 20 years old and 12 percent had been used for more than 30 years.Only 1 percent has been used for less(prenominal) than 10 years. As age goes by, those pipelines are getting even senior and that means not only the ri sk and cost of maintaining them would be larger, besides also the situation presents serious technical problems as well for the Republic of Kazakhstan Petroleum diary. com, 2006). form of joint ventures, production sharing agreements and exploration/field agreements. Oil is recovered from 55 fields. The largest of these fields are Tengiz (some one one thousand million wads of predicted oil reserves) Karachaganak (340 million lots in oil reserves, more than 1. billion slews in gas condensates and more than 1. 3 trillion cubelike meters of natural gas) Uzen (with over 1. 5 billion tons of geological hydrocarbon reserves, of which more than 200 million tons are extractable) and Kumkola (with 350 million tons of oil reserves, of which 80 million tons of oil and 75 billion box-shaped meters of natural gas are proven). The Caspian and Aral Sea shelf also shoot significant reserves. Currently, there are only three major refineries in Kazakhstan Atyrau, Shymkent and Pavlodar (see Ex hibit 2). Kazakhstans Oil Fields and ProductionMangistau and Atyrau oblasts (provinces) are the main oil producing areas in Kazakhstan (see Exhibit 1). They account for more than 70 percent of the total oil extracted in the Republic. The other three extracting divisions, Aktyubinsk, Kzylorda and Zapadno Kazakhstanskaya, account for the remainder. International oil projects have taken the Exhibit 1 Production (in thousand tons) by regions 1998 flagrant oil, thousand tons Aktubinskaya Atyrauskaya Zapadno-Kazakhstanskaya Kyzylordinskaya Mangistauskaya 23,818. 7 2,640. 8 11,135. 1 3,007. 8 7,035. 0 1999 26,735. 8 2,326. 7 12,359. 3 3,928. 8,121. 7 2000 30,647. 9 2,701. 1 13,422. 0 13. 5 533. 8 9,173 2001 36,060. 0 3,405. 3 15,589. 5 49. 4 6,172. 8 10,843. 0 offset study Statistics Agency of Kazakhstan, 2005 Kazakhstans Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 17 Exhibit 2 Design and Delivery Capacities of study Refineries Plant Design Capacity m In. tons Actual Deliveries min. tons P er month Design thousand tons Actual thousand tons Per day Design thousand tons Actual thousand tons Shymkent Oil Refinery PavlodarOil Refinery Atyrau Oil Refinery 6. 5 3. 6 2. 3 590 326. 8 189. 5 245. 4 19. 7 22. 6 14 10. 9 6. 3 7. 5 4. 677 418 2. 7 8. 2 Source National Statistics Agency of Kazakhstan, 2005 Pavlodar (a unusual investor was prone a management concession in 1997 the plant has been under authorities control since summer 1999) processes mainly light crude from Siberia and supplies the northern region of Kazakhstan Atyrau belongs to Kazakhoil, processing heavy domestic oil and supplies the western region Shymkent was in the main sold (95 per cent) to private investors in 1996. It processes dedicated crude from the region (Kumkol, Aktyubinsk, Turkmen fields) and supplies the south, particularly Almaty.Kazakhstans Oil Production and Distri moreoverion Costs A coterie of contrasting schemes exist for dividing oil revenues between the military country and the fore ign partner. The usual target for distribution of revenue from production to market is just close to 85 percent to the host country and 15 percent to the oil company. This ratio can be construed in a variety of different ways with different types of contractual forms it also depends on the host countrys laws and preferences, but in general oil companies target this ratio.This number has varied over the years. For example, in Saudi Arabia the ratio is much higher in advance of the Saudis due to huge reserves and tower production cost. In the Caspian, the ratio is likely to be lower due to additional transport be of getting the oil out of the region, i. e. , pipeline construction costs and journey fees and political risks in the area. Part of the problems with signing contracts with Caspian nations has been the nations unwillingness to recognize the economic necessity of decreasing the ratio (Feiveson, 1998).The upstream breakdown of costs is about 10 percent for exploration to find an economical field (odds are about one in 10 holes drilled will assume a commercial-sized field), 80 percent (or higher) to develop the find and 10 percent in continued on pg. 20 The benefits an increased number of by rights educated personnel would befar the proper management of the entire supply chain activities are long it is a strategic necessity for the Republic of Kazakhstan to leverage and sustain rising oil revenues. Major Oil lineages and their Routes MapHere are the mixed Kazak pipelines and their routes Kazakhstans Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 18 Exhibit 3 Map of Major Pipelines Oil ptpalina Existing) prundw eonsiruClioR A Maior Ott nekl RBfinoty Planntd wunott confl ruction 0 Mil 200 Km 400 Oil Pipelines Infrastructure in Central Asia Source Adapted from Kazakhstan Oil and Gas International multitude Proceedings, 2002 The major pipelines are identified by the Kazakhstan Ministry of Power, Industry and Trade as the projected priority export routes for oil in the following lay out 1.Atyrau-Samara pipeline The possibilities for oil exports along the AtyrauSamara oil pipeline are confine by its throughput capacity and by the quota set by Russia. This is a limiting factor for the growth of both crude oil production and export supplies. To increase the throughput capacity from 10 to 15 million tons per year, a series of technical measures in Kazakhstan and Russia are being taken at a cost of 22 million dollars Kazakhstans Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 2. Tengiz-Novorossisk oil pipeline The Caspian Pipeline Consortiums (CPC) oil export pipeline project is a short-term priority westward.This project ensures an independent blowhole for Kazakhstans oil exports to the Black Sea and opens up opportunities for the attraction of foreign investments in the oil-and-gas sector. The necessary agreements for the project participants have already been signed and operations initiated 3. Trans-Caspian pipeline Planned to follow a rou te through the Black Sea to Turkey, the Trans-Caspian oil pipeline project is considered to be a priority. The oil pipeline will stretch from Western Kazakhstan to an outlet on the Mediterranean (the Turkish port of Ceyhan) via the Caspian Sea.The territory of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey creates risks for the project due to the composite mountainous terrain and water barriers and the need to cross confiict-prone zones 4. Kazakhstan-China pipeline Since 2004, in the Kazakhstan ingredient of the Caspian Sea, the volume of the crude oil production has increased. The export oil pipeline of the CPC alone cannot strike the posit for oil transportation infrastructure. Preliminary plan and economic calculations have shown that an oil pipeline eastward to China is a promising and economically favorable project.The Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline project can, simultaneously, meet Kazakhstans national security interests and provide an outlet to meet Chinas growing demand for oil. The oil pipelines route will pass over the territory of Kazakhstan and China will guarantee the project funding. The downside of the project is that the Peoples Republic of China can potentially control the price paid for the oil 5. Iranian Gulf-Iranian oil pipeline The Persian Gulf-Iranian oil pipeline provides another possible oil pipeline route to the south.However, severe competition from OPEC countries can bring about a reduction in the price paid for oil from the Persian Gulf. Consequently, a reduced load on the oil pipeline may occur at some time in the future due to low profitability in that market. No terms for investment militarisation for this project have yet been defined 6. Arabian Sea-Trans-Asi an oil pipeline The Trans-Asian oil pipeline via Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan to an outlet in the Arabian Sea is politically highly risky, since it passes over the territory of Afghanistan.Currently, consideration is being given to the base question of how the funding will be organized for the project. Kazakhstans Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 20 Exhibit 4 Comparison of dishonor Costs per barrel of Kazakh Oil Route Cost to Port $1. 42 $1. 42 $1. 42 Black Sea Tanker Second Pipeline Final Tanker Cost $1. 23 Total Tengiz Novorossiysk Samsun Ceyhan NovorossiyskBosporus Bypass Turkmenistan Kharg Source KazakhOil hide, 2005 $2. 65 $3. 46 $3. 17 $2. 50 $0. 40 $0. 40 $0. 88 $0. 59 $0. 76 $0. 76 $0. 93 $1. 57 operating costs to produce the oil.Exploration costs are cash expenditures, which include payments for exploration licenses to the host countries. Development costs are capital costs depreciated over time and operating costs pay for themselves with the sales of crude oil production. downriver costs include transportation of crude to the refinery, refining, transportation of products to market and marketing. If one were to examine the cost breakdown of a gallon of gas called petrol in some countries) averaged around the world, from ground to market, the distribution would be nearly 2. percent for exploration 12. 5 percent or more) for production and development 20 percent to the host government 2. 5 percent for transportation to a refinery 7. 5 percent for refining 2. 5 percent to transport to market 2. S percent for marketing 50 percent in taxes to the consumer at the pump For example, the costs per barrel for export of Tengiz oil are lifting costs (the costs to get crude oil extracted from below go forth and bringing it to the ground level) $2, pipeline costs $1. 2, transit fee $3, exaltation by oil tanker including other means) $1. 23. The total comes to $7. 65. Kazakhstans Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges In Kazakhstan the preferred contract form is a joint venture between a foreign firm and a state enterprise, generally KazakhOil, which is the state oil company. In a joint venture both the state enterprise and the foreign venture invest stated amounts of capital, which can take various forms, in cluding physical assets and rights to land. Risk is share in proportion to capita nvested. The amount of control the foreign firm has is ordinarily limited and in some cases joint ventures are little more than contracts for procurement. The usual target for distribution of revenue from production to market is about 85 percent to the host country and 15 percent to the oil company. Kazakhstans Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 21 Kazakhstan has two break-dance pipeline networks a crude oil pipeline from Western Siberia supplies Pavlodar and Shymkent, patch Atyrau runs solely domestic crude from northwest Kazakhstan.The current pipeline system is fragmented and does not link the east and the west of the country, nor does it move petroleum from oil producing fields in the west of the country to the Pavlodar or Shymkent refineries primed(p) in the north and the east. The domestic pipelines capacity will not bring off with the anticipated significant volume increases the Republ ic hopes to be producing in the years to come. At present some of Kazakhstans production is exported by means of barges to Baku, Azerbaijan, where it is provide into the Azerbaijan pipeline network system and sent to world markets (Rasizade, 1999).The existing pipeline networks will require large investments, if Kazakhstan is to develop its crude oil and gas potential to the fullest. Kazakhstans major oil ports are Atyrau and Aktau major oil export pipelines are Tengiz-Novorossiisk (Russia) Uzen-AtyrauSamara (Russia) the Kenkyak-Orsk (Russia) line that transports oil from the Aktyubinsk fields to the Orsk refinery and the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) that transports oil from Western Kazakhstan to the Black Sea at Novorossiysk (Baker and McKenzie, 2002).Even though the Republic has upgraded its overall educational system, especially the post-secondary curricula, degree offerings and the academic rigor modeling subsequently the Western-type system, there is still a paucity of engineers and technicians to maintain and to sustain the growth of the oil industry. The benefits an increased number of properly educated personnel would be for the proper management of the entire supply chain activities are enormous it is a strategic necessity for the Republic of Kazakhstan to leverage and sustain future oil revenues. Current Issues in Global Energy marketIn recent years, demand for energy has surged. This unrelenting increase has helped fuel global economic growth, but placed considerable pressure on suppliers augmented by geopolitics and other disruptive factors. On the demand side, increased energy security and environmental concerns may lead to changes in consuming countries energy policies. These uncertainties have been reflected in the market through volatility and high prices (Birol, 2006). Daniel Yergin of Cambridge Energy Research Associates Inc. (CERA) during a symposium on The Economics and Geopolitics of Russian Energy at Georgetown University in capi tal of the United States D. C. n October 29, 2007, forecasted that oil prices are becoming increasingly decoupled from the fundamentals of supply and demand (Yergin, 2007). Policy Implications for the leaders in Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is not a major player in geopolitics. OPEC member states and Russia have political clout in the global energy market. Russia, Kazakhstans northern neighbor, not only has huge oil reserves on her own, but also Energy makes the wheels of global supply chains go round. Kazakhstans Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 22 controls the refining capacities, as well as some of the flows of refined oil from Kazakhstan to world markets.However, for the young republic, the rich deposit of oil is a clemency at the same time, it can easily be squandered by mismanagement and bad public policy. Fortunately, in todays global world gird with first-class business know-how and with lessons learned from other oil producing nations it is possible for the leadership of Kazakhstan to take a long-term view of proven crude oil deposits in the Caspian Sea and within the sovereign republic of Kazakhstan. 7. Feiveson, H. (1998). The Problem of Caspian Energy. Princeton, red-hot Jersey Princeton University. 8. Gaudenzi, B. and A. Borghesi. (2006). Managing Risks in the Supply Chain Using Ahp Method. International journal of Logistics Management, vol. 17, pp. 114-136. www. gravmag. com 9. Lee, Hau L. (2002). Aligning Supply Chain Strategies with Product Differentiation. California Management Review, pp. 105-119. 10. Lockamy, A. and Kevin McCormack. (2004). Linking SCOR supply practices to supply chain performance. International journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 24, pp. 1192-1218. 11. National Statistics Agency of Kazakhstan, 2005. www. petroleumjournal. kz References 1. Birol, F. (2006). World Energy Prospects and Challenges. The Australian Economic Review, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 190-195. 2. Bud La Londe. (2006). Energy Problem Cries for Decisive Action. Supply Chain Management Review, Vol. 10, Issue 6, pp. 6. 3. Cavenagh, A. (1999, February 24). Caspian Oil Project Has a Slov Road to Syndication. Project pay International, pp. 50-51. 4. Cavinato, J. (2002, May June). Whats Your Supply Chain Type? Supply Chain Management Review, pp. 60-66. 5. Chopra, S. and Meindl, P. (2004). SupplyChain Management (Second Edition). New Jersey Prentice-Hall. 6. Doing Business with Kazakhstan. (2004). Edited by Marat Terterov.London, England Kogan paginate Publishers. 12. Rasizade, A. (1999). Azerbaijan, the U. S. and Oil Prospects On The Caspian Sea. Journal of Third World Studies, vol. XVI, No. 1, pp. 29-48. 13. Report of Baker and McKenzie. (2002, November). CIS Energy Notes. 14. Report of KazakhOil (2005). 15. Sridharan, U. , Caines, R. and C. Patterson. (2005). Implementation Of Supply Chain Management and its Impact on the Value Of Firms. Supply Chain Management, Vol. 10, pp. 313-318. 16. Yergin, D. (2007). Oil Mark et Fever as Prices Near $100. Pipeline & Gas Journal, Issue II, pp. 97-97.