Critical analysis of affected of economic crisis on the luxury brand market Essay

I- Introduction lavishness Market has been important parts of the global retail grocery store as well an important part of the global economy. Bain & order (2011) forecast the determine of traditional sumptuosity foodstuff including spirt, jewellery and Dinnerw ar line re defends approximately cl billion to 200 billion in 2010 which is an dramatic increase from estimate that the global sumptuousness foodstuff was worth abtaboo $ 86 billion in 1990 (McKinsey & Co, 1990). Since the 1980s, the steeplife food market has been ontogenesis at ten per cent per year.The proceeds set up of opulence is much high-pitcheder than the growth rate of the global economy, which makes the prodigality indus assay, germane(predicate) and important frugalal factor in the economy McKinsey (2011). Larousse (2005 p. 762) states Sophistication, which makes the splendour and comfort in the ways to live The consummation of sumptuousness by clients is due to the motivation to buy s pecific suckers with prize harvests. The use of its produces and shake upr motivation be the result of consumption (Ahuvia & Wong, 1998).See more how to write a good comminuted analysis essayUncertainties ar present in the current economic climate only when Bain & Company (2011) estimates that the high life market is going to grow in the coming eld at about five to six per cent per year just about the world and in Asia with more than a ten percent growth rate. As circle market manufacturing increases, companies postulate to increase the part of their sumptuosity increaseions in order to retain their customers (Heine, 2011). A repair brain of the power of the economic crisis on the high life fashion fools exit be identify and understood for the purposes of understand the movement of the economic crisis on the opulence return industry.Kapferer, (2009) solicits that without exonerate-cut specification of lavishness it is im possible to distinguish th e extravagance consumer or high life denounce, from opposites who argon not. In this thesis the precedent will lucre by explaining the aims and how the beginning intends to achieve his aims. Then a publications followup will be undertaken to try and determine and confine what high life is and define various factors, which make a growth prodigality. The author will to a fault try and generate a better understanding of why ar opulence products important and the diametrical tail end markets who they is important for.The author will discuss the methods utilise to complete the analyse. The Author will then present various factors, which affect the Luxury fashion punctuates in the economic d letswing. in the end the author will propose his findings and conclude discussing the effects of the economic d avowturn on the luxury fashion market 1. 1 Rational The author has chosen to preliminary and better understand the world of luxury because of a personal interest at an academic direct. In addition, the author universe a student of luxury for more than 5 days want to deeper understand how big luxury tarnish adapted to the economic crisis. 1.2 Aims & Objectives The mark of this thesis is to study and analyse the luxury market and the threats that contend it. The aim of this study is to examine to what fulfilment the economic crisis affects the luxury market. The objective is to understand the concepts implemented by the luxury market during this menstruation of pecuniary crisis. This thesis will be useful for understanding and analysing the luxury market and understand the various tools merchandise used. 1. 3 Research question -Understand the luxury market and its operation. -Understanding the economic crisis on the pecuniary market of luxury and magnitude.-Assess the extent to which market tools be used during the economic crisis. -Include the importance of consumer and luxury sign in trade. -Evaluate the various threats of the l uxury market. 1. 4 Theoretical framework II- methodological analysis The methodology chapter will every last(predicate)ow the looker to understand and describe the opposite methods that nominate be used to successfully complete the objectives of this look for externalize and move towards the aim of the query. Gillham (2000) explained that whatever methods atomic number 18 more appropriate depending on the subject and objectives. It is needed to adapt the methodology on the project.Gillham (2000) as well argues that research is about creating tonic knowlight-emitting diodege, in a multitude of disciplines much(prenominal) as medicine, history or tender works, by victimization license in the form of quantitative and qualitative data. The definition of methodology, according to Hart (2007, p. 28) is A system of methods and rules to facilitate the collecting and analysis of data. It provides the starting point of choosing an approach made up of theories, ideas, concepts and definitions of the topic therefore the basics of a particular activity consisting of making choices about the nature and characters of the kind world (assumptions).This should not be confused with techniques of research, the application of methodology. In this section the researcher highlights, discusses and assesses the methods used for the accretion and evaluation of data. The researcher will focus on indirect research for the purpose of this research the methodology will include the debate and justification for the choice of research design, construction method and also the render of literature to be used to demonstrate a thorough understanding of the aims and objectives of the research. 2.1 Choice of the research design Research is defined by Saunders et al. (2003, p. 488) as the systematic collection and rendering of development with a complete purpose. The goal is to collect and analyse information to get a clear and accomplished goal. The most appropriate me thod for this study is supplemental research. It was selected by the author with the aim of examining the luxury market and the various threats that surround it as the crisis. The goal is to achieve a critical analysis of the current market situation for luxury cracks.In addition Cottrell (2005) argues that many reliable sources are now available online. Secondary research via the Internet layabout provide data of better fictitious character than the result of primary research. In do collateral research, the author has made a very wide collection of information from the literature. Reading books, bare-assedspapers and articles online, acquired a clear and comprehensive knowledge of the subject. Considered caoutchouc by Saunders et al. (2003, p. 52) and it is recommended that. They are evaluated by compeers before publication to assess their quality and convenience. To ensure that the collection of information, theory and models necessary and relevant the author also conduct ed secondary research in the sources of the luxury market. The insisting releases and video from website such as Vogue, Fashion TV, Word of Fashion has allowed to transplant the knowledge. Stewart and Kami (1993) explain that the use of secondary data sources is an advantage. In addition, the authors point out that it allows the researcher to make a comparative analysis between the new collected data and previous data. 2. 2 Construction of designYou postulate to maintain a critical perspective, the evaluation of the study on its declare merits and in comparison with other studies on the resembling or interchangeable problem. According to Saunders and al. (2003 p. 483) Saunders et al. (2003 p. 488) explains also the research The systematic collection and interpretation of information with a clear purpose The objective of the systematic collection and interpretation of information is to analyse and criticize the effects of economic crisis on the market of luxury ticks. The res earch plan established for this research project is the collection of qualitative information in a secondary search.During the construction and execution of instrument of secondary research, it did not just say to read the previous literature, as explained Rudestam and Newtown (2001, p. 60) Critical evaluation is an integral party of operation research and allows the fulfilment of the secondary research. According to Cottrell (2005) Critical thinking is a complex draw of deliberation that provides the skills and attitudes. Human nature is not the same for everyone. Some stack are suspicious and the other is in trust. plainly in critical thinking that is diverse. This is not a character trait however a system of methodology used to analyse.According to Stewart (1993) and Saunders (2003) that secondary research is better suited for this research. In this thesis, the researcher collected data only secondary, secondary research allows glide path to reliable information and theo ries that are related to disgraceing. Stewart and Karmins (1993, p. 3) argues that secondary research differs from primary research so that secondary research is put in on reliable as primary research based on the analysis of the author information. The data required for completion of the aim and objectives is pronto available from various secondary research resources.Primary research could baffle helped to provide the researcher with a foremost hand insight into the industry except the lack of approachingibility to the key stakeholders and also time constraints to the research made primary research not feasible. 2. 3 Scope of research The luxury market is a vast market. It includes many products such as clothing, jewellery and cars And also many services such as make a motion and hotels. As the luxury market is the researcher will focus on a particular sector of the luxury product industry for the purposes of a pointed and viable research.This will help the researcher to l ook at factors poignant the specific subject of luxury in detail. As Bain&Co (2010) kindle Fashion is now the luxury sector expanding. The current craze for the fashion industry propels the luxury clothing first. The researcher is studying the field of luxury clothing. For the purposes of this research blurs such as Louis Vuitton, Hermes, Dior and Chanel will be quoted at congresswoman to understand the current luxury market status. III- Literature Review A review of the literature is very important for any research and is an infixed part of it (Webster and Watson, 2002).With the support of a literature review, the knowledge that is already habitual on the topic in question may be mulish (Hart, 1999). An incomplete comprehension the current literature might lead to misunderstandings on the subject. Hart (1999) defines a literature review that the widespread use of literature to support an approach to a topic the establishment of a methodology which domiciliate be used and the importance of new functionality that could potentially be supported by further research. It is also said to quality path the width and the appropriate depth, rigor and consistency, clarity and conciseness, analysis and efficient subtraction (Hart, 1999, p. 1).Webster and Watson (2002) define an effective review of the literature to be based on in-depth knowledge, and give us an understanding of where more research is needed. Cottrell (2005, p. 127) explains that when looking for evidence to support an argument that has been spoken on the subject in the literature should be considered, where relevant information washbasin be found and understanding of the leading(a) authorities on the subject.From the definitions, it is clear that it basis be derived from a review of the literature effective (Levy and Ellis, 2006) 3. 1 What is luxury? 3. 1. 1 comment Luxury punctuates looking to be desired and known by all, but consumed only by the happy few to keep their prestigiousness explains Kapeferer (2002) This summarizes the general strategy of luxury brands, however, some inconsistencies persist in the clear description of the definition of luxury. Gutzats (1996) expresses luxury with exhaustive definition Luxury two levels of showation. The first level is important.It includes product and brand (its history, its unique expertise and talent) second level is psychological, it is action that our social environment and our brands influence us. Luxury is a product with multiple objective characteristics that make it unique and rare, but also essential characteristics with experience because of the importance that has consumers during the purchase process. The slenderness factor of a product is essential to the concept of luxury. Explained by Dubois (2001), the prestige of a luxury brand can lose value if too many people own it.The distribution of a luxury product is very important it must be selective to maintain the scarcity of the product. However, ac cording to Kapferer (2002), the luxury market is in perpetual change. Several factors explain why the brand luxuries change their relationship with the principle of scarcity and become more reachable to a wider audience. Diversification of luxury brands with the creation of range of accessories and cosmetic product for the consumer access to the general public. Partnerships with general public brands, the Masstige contraction of Mass and prestige, or prestige for the masses.Is concept allows enlargement of the luxury market. (Kapferer, 2009) 3. 1. 2 Relativity The vision of what is necessary and desirable is relative. It depends on the perspective and perception of the consumer. Depending on the consumer perception of luxury is not universal. Buttner and al (2006) argues that relativity of luxury is divided into several categories. The economic relativity, cultural, regional, impermanent and situational. 1. 3. 1. 2. 1 Economic relativity Kisabaka (2001) points economic relativity is verbalized by the difference in perception of luxury depending on the economic situation of the consumer.For example, a pair of jeans ? 70 will be considered by a category of consumer as usual piece of music for another it could be a luxury item. From a perspective of another consumer classify a pair of jeans worth ? 2000 might not be considered a luxury product. The perception of determine and its relativity to luxury can be argued to be relative to the consumer. 2. 3. 1. 2. 2 Cultural relativity Kemp (1998) suggests cultural relativity can be expressed as a function of the consumer culture. Whatever the consumer culture, luxury is a product, which is not trivial and necessary in everyday life.Kemp (1998) But cultural relativity has no reference to the availability of the product but the product vision based on the culture. A product can be considered luxury or not, based on the culture. Kisabaka, (2001) argues in some cultures a product can be ordinary and undesirable whil e for another it will be indispensable to belong to the culture of his country. For example, alcoholic beverage can be seen as a luxury product in European countries, while in Islamic countries there will be a product that very few people consume. (Berthon and al. , 2009) However, Mortelmans (2005, p. 497) arguesEvery social group can be said to rich person its own luxury Reith & Meyer (2003) suggests every culture has its symbols and social distinctions. The consumer of the same culture can be part of antithetical socio-professional category. For example, the hip-hop culture embraces gold teeth and considers it a luxury while it might not be desirable for a different cultural group. Kemp (1998) also argues cultural values express different preferences of luxury they differ depending on age, sex, and education. It is important to differentiate the perception of luxury based on knowledge of the symbols of luxury.But also different perceptions in different cultural groups. 3. 3. 1. 2. 3 Regional relativity Reith & Meyer (2003) express regional relativity in terms of availability of the product. A product mass distribution in a country will not have the luxury status. However, a product, which is rare in a country, takes of value because of its distinctive feature and exclusive distribution. For example, a sunny day at the beach can be considered as a luxury for the countries of Europe. But in the Caribbean this represents the day- by and bywards-day weather. 4. 3. 1. 2. 4 The Temporal relativity.Matsuyama (2002) defines temporal relativity by changes in perceptions of luxury over the years. The reasons for these changes in perceptions are societal trends and the development of technology. (Schiereck & Koenigs, 2006) Technological advances for consumer products can change their perspective of luxury For example, Reith & Meyer (2003) the television was created in the 1930s when it was considered a luxury, since the progression of technology televisions are p resent widely in his homes which has led to a change in the perception of luxury.This product has become ballpark in homes is no longer a luxury product. However Koschel (2005) argues that the process can be expressed in the opposite direction. Natural resources such as clean air, water became scarce in some countries. Kapferer (2008) suggests temporal relativity is a specific factor of luxury because it is not horse barn and steady and could change readily. (Jackel & Kochhan, 2000) Luxury is not universal and adapts as a function of some factor. It is important for companies to understand these factors and adapt aits marketing to influence different groups to sell its products.3. 2 Luxury customer Gilles Lipovetsky (2009), philosopher suggests Do not have faith in a future that is mechanically better and fairer, there are still people in the entrust of a better life, the feast of the whizzs, the beauty to expect that we leave the humdrum of everyday life. Luxury is no longer the accursed share, but dreams, probity and superlative, this human need. It can be inferred from the above statement that luxury for a consumer is an achievement of itself. A luxury consumer wants to supply his wealth and property, luxury goods are a reflection of the wealth.The motivation of pleasure today became the first luxury purchase motivation to its traditional buyers. (Gilles Lipovetsky, 2009) According to Okonkwo (2007) a purchaser of luxury products cannot be considered as a mere client of luxury, but as an individual part of a network of the brand. It is by sharing with him the ritual and the traditions of the bard, which they have purchased, by teaching the consumer these details about the brand itself the sense of community and attachment towards a brand is built. It can be inferred that unalike mass-market brands, the luxury brand should tell a story and to give the customer want to be a part.Gilles Lipovetsky (2009) explains luxury Consumption Consuming is some(pr enominal) a product, a legend / myth, tradition, knowledge and ritual use. 3. 2. 1 client behaviour Kapferer (2004) suggests that there are several categorize consumers of luxury brands into different groups. Lombard (1989) argues that customers can be differentiated on the nucleotide of their purchasing power. A customer with the financial resources has the capacity to buy products from all the different categories of luxury products (see section 3. 4. 3).These elite customers not only form the key substance abuser base of the product but also are a large(p) advertisement for the luxury status of the product. Customers of the elite are the generators of the turnover of luxury brands. They are loyal and hold the financial resources to consume luxury goods when it desires. This casing of customer only buys clothes from luxury brands. Occasional customers have the financial resources necessary to consume luxury products but are not addicted. They consume luxury when the mood or the occasion arises. They are not closelipped because they can change the luxury brand in the trend.(Bain&co, 2008) The low-income customers who consume when their financial situation allows them. This type of customer consumes the occasional high- setd products for exceptional period (Christmas, birthday). However this type of client is the tail of entry-level luxury products. Low-income customers consume perfumes and cosmetics in large quantities. This allows them to detain a part of the brand without spending an dissolute amount.According to Berry (1994), three levels of luxury can be presented the unattainable luxury reserved for extremely rich people, luxury means qualified to sum class high and low-cost luxury reserved for the middle class. all(prenominal) level corresponds to a totally different type of marketing because the target is not the same, the brand must adapt depending on the area they choose. Consumers behaviour while purchase luxury products can be affected by three different effects. (Leibenstein, 1950) 5. 3. 2. 1. 1 The Veblen Effect whizz can distinguish consumption to be under the Veblen effect, conspicuous consumption. Leibenstein, (1950) suggests the consumer buys the luxury product due to its high harm.The work of Bourne (1957) explains the influence of peer groups on consumers in their purchases of luxury goods. Vigneron and Johnson (1999) also argue that a arbitrary relationship is observed between conspicuous consumption and peer groups. In addition, Bearden and Etzel (1982) also explain that to buy the product in public is a sign of Veblen because the customer wants to be seen buying a valuable product. The consumer wants to show their wealth, status and power (Veblen, 1899). The price of the products is considered important in the minds of consumers, it represents the quality.(Vigneron and Johnson, 1999) Erickson and Johansson (1995) conducted a study showing that the price can judge the quality of a luxury item. It is als o agued the customer who consumes with effect Veblen is attentive to the quality of the product. 6. 3. 2. 1. 2 The effect of Snob According to Leibenstein (1950), the effect of snob is a complex concept. A consumer with the snob effect takes into account the emotional and personal desires which Influences the behaviour of others is also a factor that pushes the purchase of products of luxury brands.For example, the launch of a new product, create exclusivity, snob effect causes the immediate purchase. Few clients have this product at the launch, the customer will observe different and above other consumer, it is preferred. A luxury item in limited sale has a great value while a readily available product will be less motive and will not have a high value unusual item brings respect and prestige. (Solomon, 1994) However, after some time, the general public and the mass consumers consume the product, the snob consumers rule out the product. The unique product, popular and expensive does not stay long.Demand is growing rapidly and the product loses value. (Verhallen and Robben, 1994) 7. 3. 2. 1. 3 The Bandwagon Effect Bandwagon effect is a different concept of the two previous. In this effect, the product is consumed by the mass market, its hold in the market is important. Consumers are buying this type of product in order to have a luxury product and belong to a group. The luxury product is the similarity between the members of the group. (Leibenstein, 1950) For example, a consumer group buying the same mass-produced luxury feel they belong to the same social class.The product is generally in the current trend and at inexpensive price. Berry (1994) argues Bandwagon consumers buy the product to look like other consumer and access a different social class a different group. 3. 2. 2 Price McKinsey (1990) suggests that the price is the first characteristic, withheld to qualify luxury goods. It is evaluated as the banner most objectives and most quantifiable to measure the quality of luxury. . Dubois and Duquesne (1993) also suggest that luxury product must be at a high price to be credible it is an essential meter for the qualification of the same as a luxury.Kapferer (2001) argues although the price is a very important criterion for the luxury product it is not the whole product. It can be found on the market for very expensive products that are not inescapably luxury items due to lack of quality and luxury marketing. The brand placement reflects its class. In addition, Kapferer and Bastien (2009) also argue that the consumer looking for a luxury product is ready to pay the price but he also wants. Indeed, the consumer wants to own an expensive product because it provides the purchaser with recognition, which is valuable.The researched can infer that price is price is an important guideline of a luxury product. In addition, Danielle ALLERES (1997) states The fair price for a luxury product based on a improve correlation between the l evel in the world of luxury, rarity and its brand reputation. According to Julian Levy and Jacques Lendrevie (2009) a policy of skimming or price skimming is a pricing policy, which consists of a high price (often partially disconnected from the cost) that customers can choose, the price can directly target customers.It also maintains the cipher of luxury brand and reputation. (Julian Levy and Jacques Lendrevie, 2009) also argue that luxury product cannot be sold at a tax write-off price. It may lose its value and caused the damage to the brand. 3. 2. 3 Exclusivity Kisabaka (2001) suggests scarcity of a product is also an important part of making it luxury. A luxury consumer wants exclusivity and differentiation. For example, a customer who purchases a product from a luxury brand would expect it to be exclusive and would not like it for it to be a mass-market product.(Catry, 2003) also points out luxury brand must ensure the rarity of its products by limiting the production and in dividualization of products. 3. 4 Luxury brand A brand can be expressed as the identicalness of the company and the consumers it targets. The brand must represent a clear image in the minds of target consumers. (Esch, 2011) The luxury brand is associated with its flagship products and basic products on the basis of which consumers assimilate the product image. (Kapferer, 2008) For example, the little black jacket from Chanel is the flagship product for years and is constantly equated with the image of Chanel.(http//thelittleblackjacket. chanel. com) Meffert and Lasslop (2003) suggest that different definitions of luxury represent the experience of product characteristics and brand. A luxury brand is associated with an image that is ubiquitous in the consumers mind, which is itself associated with a luxury product high price, perfect quality esthetical, the scarcity of the product and the product exceptional characters. 3. 4. 1 Relationship ware/Brand A luxury brand must not only bye luxury products but also offer ranges of products more fond products to maintain the brand status.The goal would be to reach a wider target customer. (Kapferer and Bastien, 2009) For example, luxury brands such as Chanel and Dior, offer ranges available such as key rings or jewellery phone products. This allows consumers to enter and feel to be a part of brand, with an affordable price. In addition, brands offer masstiges products this concept is the combination of a luxury brand with a current and accessible brand to the public. For example, H & M has many partnerships with luxury brands and top designer. (Kapferer, 2008) Collections are distributed in H & M stores at affordable prices to the general public.This marketing tactic provides high visibility for luxury brands to the mass market. In contrast, non-luxury brands try to portray themselves to be religious offering a range of products, which include a touch of luxury for another customer discussion section. For exampl e, as Lufthansa airlines offer flights with luxury service at an additional cost such as offering extra-large seats, bigger entertainment systems and meals cooked to order. This demonstrates the relationship between a product and brand is important. It can also be inferred that a luxury brands have to offer luxury products to maintain its brand image.Furthermore the quality and status of a product will only remain one that of a gilded item if the brand is rated as a luxury brand. 3. 4. 2 fictitious character of luxury brand Luxury brands can be categorised using various different factors, which affect a brand. 8. 3. 4. 2. 1 Luxury brand level Esteve and Hieu-Dess (2005) argues level of brand can be differentiated on the basis of the levels of luxuries performed. It is therefore important to distinguish luxury brands based on a category. The entry-level products of entry-level correspond to the product seen above in relation brand / product.Its products are part of the range luxury brand but with affordable prices. In its entry-level, there are the masstiges and the products of luxury brands at affordable prices. employment Hugo Boss Fragrance Luxury product middle level These products are part of the luxury range, but they are not maximum level. Its products are accessible while maintaining their entities luxury. Example Marc Jacobs, Moschino. Luxury goods of high level These products be luxury in pure state. These ranges of products are of high quality and high price. Example HermesProduces luxury level of the elite This product is the top of the ladder. This segment is the most luxury products. Its quality and marketing must be irreproachable, they represent the brand. To reference the type of product is Chanel, Dior. According to the relativity of luxury explained above, the established classification can be modified over time. A brand can go from middle level to level for elite customer. It may be noted its changes based on trends, seasons and differen t cultures. (Phan and al. ,2011) Conversely, certain brand may lose their luxury bearinging if it does not fit depending on relativity.For example, Christian Lacroix, who lost his rank High Fashion due to indecorous adaptation of its marketing and its collections. (Bain&co, 2009) 9. 3. 4. 2. 2 Luxury brand awareness The leading products and notorieties are very important in the management of the brand and in its differentiation. A luxury brand should differentiate itself from others with its marketing strategy and advertising. The erudite consumer expects certain notoriety, it must be found in the marketing strategy. The luxury brand needs to focus its marketing and marketing in a niche.If a brand decides to sell luggage, clothing, jewellery and does not fit its marketing it will no longer be identified as speciate and thus not as a luxury brand. (Meffert and Lasslop 2003) Awareness of the brand in the minds of the public is essential. The flagship products create the brand awar eness even if its products are for purchase only certain category of customer it represents the brand. Previously the author explained the importance of quality and marketing for the range of customer connoisseur but this process is also important for the client who never will buy the product.Its customers will be interested in the brand and will position as a luxury brand (Kapferer, 2009) The primary objective of the luxury brand is to become known around the world to demonstrate its performance and quality. (Phan and al, 2011) In addition, for a customer of the elite luxury product group buys a flagship product is a sign of wealth, it is important that the product meets this demand (Kapferer & Bastien, 2009). 3. 4. 3 Marketing technique If the marketing of mass consumption appeared after World War II during the post-war boom, the first luxury marketing techniques already existed in the seventeenth century.Berry (1994) The companies in the luxury sector can manage the time by recal ling the history of their homes through codes. For example, Chanel, two fabled fragrance N 5 first perfume by Gabrielle Chanel launched in 1921 and still one of the best global industry sales is the booming number of Coco, and No. 19 is reference to the date of birth of the churchman August 19, 1883, this history is an important part of the marketing strategy of the companies these days as they entice buyers by presenting a history and tradition of the product.Each of the luxury goods is modernized, re knowing while respecting the history of the house, called in luxury marketing an additive leap technique. (Kapferer 2009) Thus, the customer discovers and buys without hesitation a new version of a mythical product that meets the codes of the house, allowing sales to continue to grow. The success of these products is only possible through the transfer of know-how of artisans and small hands working in the workshops. Embroiderers, milliners, dressmakers, all these businesses demo nstrate a thorough knowledge and quality that are convey in time while upgrading.This concept allows the luxury home to sum up their old products maintaining the brand image. A new advertising campaign is designed and the product is restarted. During a period of crisis, this concept is used by legion(predicate) brands. (Meffert & Lasslop 2003) Luxury brands must carefully control its distribution channels. (Esch 2011) the industry knows how to full point each of its products in places specific distribution channels for each target group. Thus, it is imposs.